Physical properties of Brachystegia Eurycoma seeds as affected by moisture content
Keywords:
Brachystegia eurycoma, physical properties, seed processing, frictional properties, specific heat, moisture contentAbstract
Some physical, frictional and thermal properties of Brachystegia eurycoma seed were studied at different moisture contents in order to explore the possibility of mechanizing the handling and processing techniques. Results showed that the seed could be considered an oval disc in shape. In the moisture range of 2.79% to 27.13% (d.b.), the major, intermediate and minor axial dimensions increased with increase in moisture content from 2.29 mm to 2.45 mm, 1.65 mm to 1.91 mm and 0.34 mm to 0.52 mm, respectively. In the above moisture range, one thousand seed weight, particle density, porosity, roundness, sphericity, surface area and angle of repose increased linearly from 0.901 kg to 1.252 kg, 2270 kg/m3 to 2520 kg/m3, 11.23% to 15.46%, 35% to 47%, 67% to 82%, 7.67 cm2 to 8.48 cm2 and 16.8° to 29.2° respectively, while bulk density decreased from 745.4 kg/m3 to 613.6 kg/m3. Static coefficient of friction on different structural surfaces increased linearly with moisture content and had the highest values on galvanized steel sheet (0.445-0.639), and the lowest values on fiber glass (0.287-0.404). Kinetic coefficient of friction increased linearly with moisture content on different structural surfaces except on galvanized steel sheet where it decreased linearly with increase in moisture content in the above moisture range. It had the highest values on hessian bag material (0.266-0.389), and the lowest values on plywood with wood grains perpendicular to the direction of movement (0.204-0.271). Specific heat ranged from 1474 to 5992.7 J/kgK, and increased with increase in moisture content and temperature. Regression equations were used to express the relationships existing between the seed properties and moisture content.References
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[38] Dutta S K, Nema V K, Bhardwaj R K. Thermal properties of gram. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 1988; 39: 269-275.
[39] Oje K, Ugbor E C. Some physical properties of oil bean seed. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 1991; 50: 305-313.
[40] Oje K. Some engineering properties of thevetia nut. Journal of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, 1993; 1: 38-45.
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[42] Aviara N A, Haque M A. Moisture dependence of thermal properties of sheanut kernel. Journal of Food Engineering, 2001; 47(2): 109-113.
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[57] Nimkar P M, Chattopadhyay P K. Some physical properties of green gram. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 2001; 80: 183-189.
[58] Baryeh E A, Mangope B K. Some physical properties of QP-38 variety pigeon pea. Journal of Food Engineering, 2002; 56: 341-347.
[59] Aydin C, Ogut H, Konak M. Physical properties of Turkish Mahaleb. Biosystems Engineering, 2002; 83: 231-234.
[60] Isik E, Izli N. Physical properties of sunflower seeds (Helianthus anuus L.). International Journal of Agricultural Research, 2007; 2: 677-686.
[61] Yalcin C, Ersan K. Physical properties of coriander seeds. Journal of Food Engineering, 2007; 80(2): 408-416.
[62] Milani E, Seyed M, Razavi A, Koocheki A, Nikzadeh V, Vahedi N, et al. Moisture dependent physical properties of cucurbit seeds. International Agrophysics, 2007; 21: 157-168.
[63] Kheiralipour K, Karimi M, Tabatabaeefar A, Nadari M, Khoubaht G, Heidarbeigi K. Moisture-dependent physical properties of wheat (Triticum aestivum L). Journal of Agricultural Technology, 2008; 4(1): 53-64.
[64] Ebubekir N, Eugin O, Faruk O T. Some physical properties of Fenugreek (trigenella Foenum–graceum L.) seeds. Journal of Food Engineering, 2004; 71:37-43.
[65] Sessiz A, Esgici R, Kizil S. Moisture dependent physical properties of caper (Capparis spp.) fruit. Journal of Food Engineering, 2007; 79(4): 1426-1431.
[66] Deshpande S D, Bal S. Specific heat of soyabean. Journal of Food Process Engineering, 1999; 22:469-477.
[2] Ikegwu O J, Oledinma N U, Nwobasi V N, Alaka I C. Effect of processing time and some additives on the apparent viscosity of ‘achi’ Brachystegia eurycoma flour. Journal of Food Technology, 2009; 7(2): 34-37.
[3] Onimawo A, Egbekun M K. Comprehensive food science and nutrition. Revised edition. Ambik Publishers, Benin-city, Nigeria, 1998.
[4] Uzomah A, Ahiligwo R N. Studies on the rheological
properties and functional potentials of achi (Brachystegia eurycoma) and ogbono (Irvingia gabonensis) seed gums. Food Chemistry, 1999; 67: 217-222.
[5] Olayemi O, Jacob O. Preliminary evaluation of Brachystegia eurycoma seed mucilage as tablet binder. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, 2011; 3: 1-6.
[6] Uzomah A, Odusanya O S. Mucuna sloanei, detarium microcarpum and brachystegia eurycoma seeds: Preliminary study of their starch-hydrocolloid system. African Journal of Food Science, 2011; 5(13): 733-740.
[7] Ndukwu M C. Determination of selected physical properties of Brachystegia eurycoma seeds. Research in Agricultural Engineering, 2009; 55(4): 165-169.
[8] Mieszkalski L. The role of physical properties of seeds in the design of dehullers. International Agrophysics, 1997; 11: 283-291.
[9] Aviara N A, Gwandzang M I, Haque MA. Physical properties of guna seeds. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 1999; 73: 105-111.
[10] Aydin C. Physical properties of almond nut and kernel. Journal of Food Engineering, 2003; 60: 315-320.
[11] Santalla E M, Mascheroni R H. Physical properties of high oleic sunflower seeds. Food Science and Technology, 2003; 9: 435-442.
[12] Yalcin I, Ozarslan C. Physical properties of vetch seed. Biosystems Engineering, 2004; 88: 507-512.
[13] Aviara N A, Mamman E, Umar B. Some physical properties of Balanites aegyptiaca nuts. Biosystems Engineering, 2005; 92: 325-334.
[14] Wang B, Li D, Wang L J, Huang Z G, Zhang L, Chen X D, et al. Effect of moisture content on the physical properties of fibered flax seed. International Journal of Food Engineering, 2007; 3(5), 1556-3758.
[15] Bamgboye A I, Adejumo O I. Physical properties of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) seed. Agricultural Engineering International: The CIGR e-Journal XI, manuscript 1154, 2009; Available at: www.cigrjournal.org.
[16] Shafiee S, Modares M A, Minaee S, Haidarbigi K. Moisture dependent physical properties of dragon head seeds (Lallemantia Iberia). Agricultural Engineering International: The CIGR e-Journal XI, manuscript 1192, 2009; Available at: www.cigrjournal.org.
[17] Aviara NA, Oluwole F A, Haque M A. Effect of moisture content on some physical properties of sheanut (Butyrospernum paradoxum). International Agrophysics, 2005; 19: 193-198.
[18] Tunde-Akintunde T Y, Akintunde B O. Effect of moisture content and variety on selected physical properties of beniseed. Agricultural Engineering International: The CIGR e-Journal IX, manuscript FP 07 021, 2007; Available at: www.cigrjournal.org.
[19] Aviara N A, Haque M A. Moisture dependence of densities, coefficients of friction and angle of repose of guna seed and kernel. Journal of Engineering Applications, 2000; 2: 44- 53.
[20] Aydin C. Physical properties of hazel nuts. Biosystems Engineering, 2002; 82: 297-303.
[21] Kaleemullah S, Gunasekar J J. Moisture dependent physical properties of arecanut kernels. Biosystems Engineering, 2002; 82: 331-338.
[22] Konak M, Carman K, Aydin C. Physical properties of chick pea seeds. Biosystems Engineering, 2002; 82: 73-78.
[23] Ozarslan C. Physical properties of cotton seed. Biosystems Engineering, 2002; 83: 169-174.
[24] Abalone R, Cassinera A, Gaston A, Lara M A. Some physical properties of amaranth seeds. Biosystems Engineering, 2004; 89: 109-117.
[25] Zewdu A, Solomon W. Physical properties of grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) seeds. Agricultural Engineering International: The CIGR e-Journal X, manuscript FP 06 027, 2008; Available at: www.cigrjournal.org.
[26] Izli N, Unal H, Sincik M. Physical and mechanical properties of rapeseed at different moisture contents. International Agrophysics, 2009; 23: 137-145.
[27] Joshi DC, Das S K, Mukherjee R K. Physical properties of pumpkin seed. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 1993; 54: 219-229.
[28] Suthar S H, Das S K. Some physical properties of karingda (Citrullus lanatus [Thumb] mansf.) seeds. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 1996; 65: 15-22.
[29] Aviara N A, Haque M A, Izge I A. Physical and frictional properties of sheanut. AgroScience, 2000; 1: 19-34.
[30] Deshpande S D, Bal S, Ojha T P. Physical properties of soy bean. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 1993; 56: 89-98.
[31] Visvanathan R, Palanisamy P T, Gothandapani L, Sreenarayanan V V. Physical properties of neem nut. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 1996; 63: 19-26.
[32] Dutta S K, Nema V K, Bhardwaj R K. Physical properties of gram. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 1988; 39: 259-268.
[33] Carman K. Some physical properties of lentil seeds. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 1996; 63: 87-92.
[34] Sahoo P K, Srivastava A P. Physical properties of okra seed. Biosystems Engineering, 2002; 83: 441-448.
[35] Sacilik K, Ozturk R, Keskin R. Some physical properties of hemp seed. Biosystems Engineering, 2003; 86: 191-198.
[36] Aviara N A, Power P P, Abbas T. Moisture-dependent physical properties of moringa oleifera seed relevant in bulk handling and mechanical processing. Industrial Crops and Products, 2013; 42: 96-104.
[37] Fraser B M, Verma S S, Muir WE. Some physical properties of fababeans. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 1978; 23: 53-57.
[38] Dutta S K, Nema V K, Bhardwaj R K. Thermal properties of gram. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 1988; 39: 269-275.
[39] Oje K, Ugbor E C. Some physical properties of oil bean seed. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 1991; 50: 305-313.
[40] Oje K. Some engineering properties of thevetia nut. Journal of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, 1993; 1: 38-45.
[41] Singh K K, Goswami T K. Physical properties of cumin seed. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 1996; 64: 93-98.
[42] Aviara N A, Haque M A. Moisture dependence of thermal properties of sheanut kernel. Journal of Food Engineering, 2001; 47(2): 109-113.
[43] Ogunjimi L A O, Aviara N A, Aregbesola O A. Some engineering properties of locust bean seed. Journal of Food Engineering, 2002; 55: 95-99.
[44] Aviara N A, Ajibola O O, Oni S A. Effect of moisture content and temperature on the specific heat of soybean TGX 1440 – 1E. Proceedings of the Nigerian Institution of Agricultural Engineers, 2003; 25: 183-193.
[45] Aviara N A, Haque M A, Ogunjimi L A O. Thermal properties of guna seed. International Agrophysics, 2008; 22: 291-297.
[46] Aviara N A, Ehiabhi S E, Ajibola O O, Oni S A, Power P P, Abbas T, et al. Effect moisture content and temperature on the specific heat of soya bean, moringa oleifera seed and mucuna flagellipes nut. International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, 2011; 4(1):87-92.
[47] Aviara N A, Lawal A A, Ogunjimi L A O, Dauda A. Some engineering properties of four African Date Palm fruit cultivars. Research Journal of Applied Science, Engineering and Technology, 2014; 7(2): 379-387.
[48] AOAC Official Methods of Analysis, 13th ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington, DC, 1980.
[49] Mohsenin N N. Physical Properties of Plant and Animal Materials, 2nd ed. Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, New York, pp 889; 1986.
[50] Tavakoli H, Rajabipour A, Mohtasebi S S. Moisture-dependent of some engineering properties of soybean grains. Agricultural Engineering International: The CIGR e-journal. Manuscript 1110. Vol. XI., 2009; Available
at: www.cigrjournal.org.
[51] Aviara N A, Onuh O A, Ehiabhi S A. Physical properties of Mucuna flagellipes nuts. GSB Seed Science and Biotechnology, 2010; 4(1): 59-68.
[52] Irtwange S V, Igbeka J C. Some physical properties of two African yam bean (Sphenostylis stenocarpa) accessions and their interrelation with moisture content. Applied Engineering in Agriculture, 2002; 18(5): 567-576.
[53] Isik E. Some physical and mechanical properties of round red lentil grains. Applied Engineering in Agriculture, 2007; 23(4): 503-509.
[54] Simonyan K J, El-Okene A M, Yiljep Y D. Some physical properties of Samaru sorghum 17. Agricultural Engineering International: the CIGR e-journal Manuscript FP 07008. Vol. IX., 2007; Available at: www.cigrjournal.org.
[55] Gupta R K, Das S K. Physical properties of sunflower seeds. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 1997; 66: 1-8.
[56] Chandrasekar V, Visvanathan R. Physical and thermal properties of coffee. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 1999; 73: 227-234.
[57] Nimkar P M, Chattopadhyay P K. Some physical properties of green gram. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 2001; 80: 183-189.
[58] Baryeh E A, Mangope B K. Some physical properties of QP-38 variety pigeon pea. Journal of Food Engineering, 2002; 56: 341-347.
[59] Aydin C, Ogut H, Konak M. Physical properties of Turkish Mahaleb. Biosystems Engineering, 2002; 83: 231-234.
[60] Isik E, Izli N. Physical properties of sunflower seeds (Helianthus anuus L.). International Journal of Agricultural Research, 2007; 2: 677-686.
[61] Yalcin C, Ersan K. Physical properties of coriander seeds. Journal of Food Engineering, 2007; 80(2): 408-416.
[62] Milani E, Seyed M, Razavi A, Koocheki A, Nikzadeh V, Vahedi N, et al. Moisture dependent physical properties of cucurbit seeds. International Agrophysics, 2007; 21: 157-168.
[63] Kheiralipour K, Karimi M, Tabatabaeefar A, Nadari M, Khoubaht G, Heidarbeigi K. Moisture-dependent physical properties of wheat (Triticum aestivum L). Journal of Agricultural Technology, 2008; 4(1): 53-64.
[64] Ebubekir N, Eugin O, Faruk O T. Some physical properties of Fenugreek (trigenella Foenum–graceum L.) seeds. Journal of Food Engineering, 2004; 71:37-43.
[65] Sessiz A, Esgici R, Kizil S. Moisture dependent physical properties of caper (Capparis spp.) fruit. Journal of Food Engineering, 2007; 79(4): 1426-1431.
[66] Deshpande S D, Bal S. Specific heat of soyabean. Journal of Food Process Engineering, 1999; 22:469-477.
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2014-02-20
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Aviara, N. A., Ibrahim, E. B., & Onuoha, L. N. (2014). Physical properties of Brachystegia Eurycoma seeds as affected by moisture content. International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, 7(1), 84–93. Retrieved from https://ijabe.migration.pkpps03.publicknowledgeproject.org/index.php/ijabe/article/view/997
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