Appropriate supply of irrigation and nitrogen produced higher yields of cherry tomatoes
Keywords:
cherry tomatoes, yield, growth, irrigation, nitrogen, path analysisAbstract
Accurate irrigation and nitrogen application are essential for promoting the growth and yield of cherry tomatoes. In investigating the effects of irrigation and nitrogen on the growth, photosynthesis, and yield of cherry tomatoes, nine treatments including three levels of both irrigation and nitrogen were conducted over two growing seasons. Transverse stem diameter and horizontal stem diameter had the best performance at the irrigation level of 75% evaporation (Ep), although their responses to nitrogen were different for the two years. Plant height increased with the increase of irrigation and nitrogen. Plant dry matter (PDM) was significantly affected by irrigation and nitrogen interaction. The lowest PDM was found in the highest proportion of root dry matter, which occurred under low nitrogen level. The net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and transpiration rate enhanced with the increase of irrigation. Medium nitrogen showed promotion effect on all photosynthetic parameters in both growing seasons. Six of all fourteen indicators showed significant correlations with yield. Especially, single plant fruit number and PDM in 2018 Fall had significant positive direct effects on yield with the path coefficients of 0.648 and 1.159, while the significant direct path coefficients were 0.362 and 0.294 in Fruit dry matter and Pn for 2019 Spring, respectively. Based on the comprehensive evaluation of growth and yield by TOPSIS, the irrigation level of 75% Ep combined with medium nitrogen application produced higher yields by promoting the growth and photosynthesis of cherry tomatoes. It provides a strategy for water and nitrogen management of cherry tomatoes in Northwest China. Key words: cherry tomatoes; yield; growth; irrigation; nitrogen; path analysis DOI: 10.25165/j.ijabe.20241702.8018 Citation: Cai Z L, Zhang M C, Xie J R, Kong T T, Zhang Y X, He Z H, et al. Appropriate supply of irrigation and nitrogenproduced higher yields of cherry tomatoes. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2024; 17(2): 149–158.References
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[24] Wang L Y, Zhang Y C, Zhai C X, Chen L L, Li Q Y, Wu X P, et al. Effect of balanced fertilization on yield and quality of sunlight greenhouse cucumber and soil characteristics under continuous cropping. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2008; 16(6): 1375–1383. (in Chinese)
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[26] Han W, Yang Z Q, Huang L D, Sun C X, Yu X J, Zhao M F. Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation of the effects of relative air humidity on the morpho-physiological traits of Pakchoi (Brassica chinensis L.) under high temperature. Sci Hortic, 2019; 246: 971–978.
[27] Han Y M, Zhou R D, Geng Z Q, Bai J, Ma B, Fan J Z. A novel data envelopment analysis cross-model integrating interpretative structural model and analytic hierarchy process for energy efficiency evaluation and optimization modeling: Application to ethylene industries. J Cleaner Prod, 2020; 246: 118965.
[28] Du Y-D, Cui B-J Zhang Q, Sun J, Wang Z, Niu W-Q. Utilizing comprehensive decision analysis methods to determine an optimal planting pattern and nitrogen application for winter oilseed rape. J Integr Agric, 2020; 19(9): 2229–2238.
[29] Xiao C, Zou H Y, Fan J L, Zhang F C, Li Y, Sun S K, et al. Optimizing irrigation amount and fertilization rate of drip-fertigated spring maize in northwest China based on multi-level fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model. Agric Water Manage, 2021; 257(12): 107157.
[30] He Z H, Hong T T, Cai Z L, Yang Z, Li M N, Zhang Z. Determination of amount of irrigation and nitrogen for comprehensive growth of greenhouse cucumber based on multi-level fuzzy evaluation. Int J Agric Biol Eng, 2021; 14(2): 35–42.
[31] Antje F, Dodd I C. Inhibition of tomato shoot growth by over-irrigation is linked to nitrogen deficiency and ethylene. Physiol Plant, 2016; 156: 70–83.
[32] Wang C H, Shu L Z, Zhou S L, Yu H M, Zhu P F. Effects of alternate partial root-zone irrigation on the utilization and movement of nitrates in soil by tomato plants. Sci Hortic, 2019; 243: 41–47.
[33] Ohta K, Makino R. Stem direction affects the fruit yield, plant growth, and physiological characteristics of a determinate-type processing tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Sci Hortic, 2019; 244: 102–108.
[34] Qu Z M, Qi X C, Liu Y L, Liu K X, Li C L. Interactive effect of irrigation and polymer-coated potassium chloride on tomato production in a greenhouse. Agric Water Manage, 2020; 235: 106149.
[35] Yan F, Sun Y Q, Song F B, Liu F L. Differential responses of stomatal morphology to partial root-zone drying and deficit irrigation in potato leaves under varied nitrogen rates. Sci Hortic, 2012; 145: 76–83.
[36] Xu S P, Zhu X S, Li C, Ye Q S. Effects of CO2 enrichment on photosynthesis and growth in Gerbera jamesonii. Sci Hortic, 2014; 177: 77–84.
[37] Kinoshita T, Yamazaki H, Inamoto K, Yamazaki H. Analysis of yield components and dry matter production in a simplified soilless tomato culture system by using controlled-release fertilizers during summer–winter greenhouse production. Sci Hortic, 2016; 202: 17–24.
[38] Chen C, Xu F, Zhu J-R, Wang R-F, Xu Z-H, Shu L-Z, et al. Nitrogen forms affect root growth, photosynthesis, and yield of tomato under alternate partial root-zone irrigation. J Plant Nutr Soil Sci, 2016; 179: 104–112.
[39] Sarker K K, Akanda M A R, Biswas S K, Roy D K, Khatun A, Goffar M A. Field performance of alternate wetting and drying furrow irrigation on tomato crop growth, yield, water use efficiency, quality and profitability. J Integr Agric, 2016; 15(10): 2380–2392.
[40] Drenovsky R E, Khasanova A, James J J. Trait convergence and plasticity among native and invasive species in resource-poor environments. Am J Bot, 2012; 99: 629–639.
[41] Lahoz I, Pérez-de-Castro A, Valcárcel M, Macua JI, Beltrán J, Roselló S, et al. Effect of water deficit on the agronomical performance and quality of processing tomato. Sci Hortic, 2016; 200: 55–65.
[42] Mahmoud M M A, Fayad A M. The effect of deficit irrigation, partial root drying and mulching on tomato yield, and water and energy saving. Irrigation and Drainage, 2022; 71: 295–309.
[43] Li Y M, Sun Y X, Liao S Q, Zou G Y, Zhao T K, Chen Y H, et al. Effects of two slow-release nitrogen fertilizers and irrigation on yield, quality, and water-fertilizer productivity of greenhouse tomato. Agric Water Manage, 2017; 186: 139–146.
[44] Marouelli W A, Silva W L C. Water tension thresholds for processing tomatoes under drip irrigation in Central Brazil. Irrig Sci, 2007; 25: 411–418.
[45] Jensen C R, Battilani A, Plauborg F, Psarras G, Chartzoulakis K, Janowiak F, et al. Deficit irrigation based on drought tolerance and root signalling in potatoes and tomatoes. Agric Water Manage, 2010; 98: 403–413.
[46] Matas A J, López-Casado G, Cuartero J, Heredia A. Relative humidity and temperature modify the mechanical properties of isolated tomato fruit cuticles. American Journal of Botany, 2005; 92: 462–468.
[47] Mwinuka P R, Mbilinyi B P, Mbungu W B, Mourice S K, Mahoo H F, Schmitter P. Optimizing water and nitrogen application for neglected horticultural species in tropical sub-humid climate areas: A case of African eggplant (Solanum aethiopicum L. ). Sci Hortic, 2021; 276: 109756.
[48] Usman M G, Rafii M Y, Martini M Y, Oladosu Y, Kashiani P. Genotypic character relationship and phenotypic path coefficient analysis in chili pepper genotypes grown under tropical condition. J Sci Food Agric, 2017; 97: 1164–1171.
[49] Zotarelli L, Scholberg J M, Dukes M D, Munoz-Carpena R, Icerman J. Tomato yield, biomass accumulation, root distribution and irrigation water use efficiency on a sandy soil, as affected by nitrogen rate and irrigation scheduling. Agric Manage Water, 2009; 96(1): 23–34.
[50] Sharma R, Mahla H R, Kumar S, Gaikwad K. Study of correlation, path coefficient and linkage of flower colour and hairiness with yield controlling quantitative traits in segregating population of cluster bean. Current Plant Biology, 2021; 26: 100202.
[51] Zhang Y, Henke M, Buck-Sorlin G H, Li Y M, Xu H, Liu X G, et al. Estimating canopy leaf physiology of tomato plants grown in a solar greenhouse: Evidence from simulations of light and thermal microclimate using a Functional-Structural Plant Model. Agric For Meteorol, 2021; 307: 108494.
[2] Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. National sustainable agriculture development plan (2015-2030). 2015. Available: http://www.moa.gov.cn/govpublic/FZJHS/201505/t20150527_4620031.htm. Accessed on [2021-10-13]. (in Chinese)
[3] Maavara T, Lauerwald R, Laruelle G G, Akbarzadeh Z, Bouskill N J, Van Cappellen P, et al. Nitrous oxide emissions from inland waters: Are IPCC estimates too high? Global Change Biol, 2019; 25(2): 473–488.
[4] Gutiérrez M, Biagioni R N, Alarcón-Herrera M T, Rivas-Lucero B A. An overview of nitrate sources and operating processes in arid and semiarid aquifer systems. Sci Total Environ, 2018; 624: 1513–1522.
[5] Luo H, Li F S. Tomato yield, quality and water use efficiency under different drip fertigation strategies. Sci Hortic, 2018; 235: 181–188.
[6] Liu R, Yang Y, Wang Y-S, Wang X-C, Rengel Z, Zhang W-J, et al. Alternate partial root-zone drip irrigation with nitrogen fertigation promoted tomato growth, water and fertilizer-nitrogen use efficiency. Agric Manage Water, 2020; 233: 106049.
[7] Du Y-D, Gu X-B, Wang J-W and Niu W-Q. Yield and gas exchange of greenhouse tomato at different nitrogen levels under aerated irrigation. Sci Total Environ, 2019; 668: 1156–1164.
[8] Wang X K, Yun J, Shi P, Li Z B, Li P, Xing Y Y. Root growth, fruit yield and water use efficiency of greenhouse grown tomato under different irrigation regimes and nitrogen levels. J Plant Growth Regul, 2019; 38: 400–415.
[9] Shabbir A, Mao H P, Ullah I, Ail Buttar N, Ajmal M, Ali Lakhiar I. Effects of Drip Irrigation Emitter Density with Various Irrigation Levels on Physiological Parameters, Root, Yield, and Quality of Cherry Tomato. Agronomy, 2020; 10(11): 1685.
[10] Liu G Y, Du Q J, Jiao X C, Li J M. Irrigation at the level of evapotranspiration aids growth recovery and photosynthesis rate in tomato grown under chilling stress. Acta Physiol Plant, 2018; 40. doi: 10.1007/s11738-017-2573-8.
[11] Du Y-D, Cao H-D, Liu S-D, Gu X-D and Cao Y-D. Response of yield, quality, water and nitrogen use efficiency of tomato to different levels of water and nitrogen under drip irrigation in Northwestern China. J Integr Agric, 2017; 16: 1153–1161.
[12] Hebbar S S, Ramachandrapp.B K, Nanjapp.H V, Prabhakar M. Studies on NPK drip fertigation in field grown tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). Eur J Agron, 2004; 21(1): 117–127.
[13] Zhou H P, Kang S Z, Li F S, Du T S, Shukla M K, Li X J. Nitrogen application modified the effect of deficit irrigation on tomato transpiration, and water use efficiency in different growth stages. Sci Hortic, 2020; 263: 109112.
[14] Ronga D, Zaccardelli M, Lovelli S, Perrone D, Francia E, Milc J, et al. Biomass production and dry matter partitioning of processing tomato under organic vs conventional cropping systems in a Mediterranean environment. Sci Hortic, 2017; 224: 163–170.
[15] Wu Y, Yan S C, Fan J L, Zhang F C, Xiang Y Z, Zheng J, et al. Responses of growth, fruit yield, quality and water productivity of greenhouse tomato to deficit drip irrigation. Sci Hortic, 2021; 275: 109710.
[16] Huang C H, Peng F, You Q G, Xue X, Wang T, Liao J. Growth, yield and fruit quality of cherry tomato irrigated with saline water at different developmental stages. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, 2015; 66(4): 317–324.
[17] Ayankojo I T, Morgan K T, Kadyampakeni D M, Liu G D. Tomato growth, yield, and root development, soil nitrogen and water distribution as affected by nitrogen and irrigation rates on a florida sandy soil. Hortscience, 2020; 55(11): 1744–1755.
[18] Wu Y, Yan S C, Fan J L, Zhang F C, Zheng J, Guo J J, et al. Combined application of soluble organic and chemical fertilizers in drip fertigation improves nitrogen use efficiency and enhances tomato yield and quality. J Sci Food Agric, 2020; 100(15): 5422–5433.
[19] Köppen W. Klassification der klimate nach temperatur, Niederschlag und Jahreslauf. Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen, 1918; 64: 193–203. (in German
[20] He Z H, Li M N, Cai Z L, Zhao R S, Hong T T, Yang Z, et al. Optimal irrigation and fertilizer amounts based on multi-level fuzzy comprehensive evaluation of yield, growth and fruit quality on cherry tomato. Agric Water Manage, 2021; 243: 106360.
[21] Liu H, Li H H, Ning H F, Zhang X X, Li S, Pang J, et al. Optimizing irrigation frequency and amount to balance yield, fruit quality and water use efficiency of greenhouse tomato. Agric Water Manage, 2019; 226: 105787.
[22] Liu H, Duan A-W, Li F-S, Sun J-S, Wang Y-C, Sun C-T. Drip Irrigation Scheduling for Tomato Grown in Solar Greenhouse Based on Pan Evaporation in North China Plain. J Integr Agric, 2013; 12: 520–531.
[23] Gong X W, Qiu R J, Sun J S, Ge J K, Li Y B, Wang S S. Evapotranspiration and crop coefficient of tomato grown in a solar greenhouse under full and deficit irrigation. Agric Water Manage, 2020; 235: 106154.
[24] Wang L Y, Zhang Y C, Zhai C X, Chen L L, Li Q Y, Wu X P, et al. Effect of balanced fertilization on yield and quality of sunlight greenhouse cucumber and soil characteristics under continuous cropping. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2008; 16(6): 1375–1383. (in Chinese)
[25] Saaty T L. A scaling method for priorities in hierarchical structures. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 1977; 15: 234–281.
[26] Han W, Yang Z Q, Huang L D, Sun C X, Yu X J, Zhao M F. Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation of the effects of relative air humidity on the morpho-physiological traits of Pakchoi (Brassica chinensis L.) under high temperature. Sci Hortic, 2019; 246: 971–978.
[27] Han Y M, Zhou R D, Geng Z Q, Bai J, Ma B, Fan J Z. A novel data envelopment analysis cross-model integrating interpretative structural model and analytic hierarchy process for energy efficiency evaluation and optimization modeling: Application to ethylene industries. J Cleaner Prod, 2020; 246: 118965.
[28] Du Y-D, Cui B-J Zhang Q, Sun J, Wang Z, Niu W-Q. Utilizing comprehensive decision analysis methods to determine an optimal planting pattern and nitrogen application for winter oilseed rape. J Integr Agric, 2020; 19(9): 2229–2238.
[29] Xiao C, Zou H Y, Fan J L, Zhang F C, Li Y, Sun S K, et al. Optimizing irrigation amount and fertilization rate of drip-fertigated spring maize in northwest China based on multi-level fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model. Agric Water Manage, 2021; 257(12): 107157.
[30] He Z H, Hong T T, Cai Z L, Yang Z, Li M N, Zhang Z. Determination of amount of irrigation and nitrogen for comprehensive growth of greenhouse cucumber based on multi-level fuzzy evaluation. Int J Agric Biol Eng, 2021; 14(2): 35–42.
[31] Antje F, Dodd I C. Inhibition of tomato shoot growth by over-irrigation is linked to nitrogen deficiency and ethylene. Physiol Plant, 2016; 156: 70–83.
[32] Wang C H, Shu L Z, Zhou S L, Yu H M, Zhu P F. Effects of alternate partial root-zone irrigation on the utilization and movement of nitrates in soil by tomato plants. Sci Hortic, 2019; 243: 41–47.
[33] Ohta K, Makino R. Stem direction affects the fruit yield, plant growth, and physiological characteristics of a determinate-type processing tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Sci Hortic, 2019; 244: 102–108.
[34] Qu Z M, Qi X C, Liu Y L, Liu K X, Li C L. Interactive effect of irrigation and polymer-coated potassium chloride on tomato production in a greenhouse. Agric Water Manage, 2020; 235: 106149.
[35] Yan F, Sun Y Q, Song F B, Liu F L. Differential responses of stomatal morphology to partial root-zone drying and deficit irrigation in potato leaves under varied nitrogen rates. Sci Hortic, 2012; 145: 76–83.
[36] Xu S P, Zhu X S, Li C, Ye Q S. Effects of CO2 enrichment on photosynthesis and growth in Gerbera jamesonii. Sci Hortic, 2014; 177: 77–84.
[37] Kinoshita T, Yamazaki H, Inamoto K, Yamazaki H. Analysis of yield components and dry matter production in a simplified soilless tomato culture system by using controlled-release fertilizers during summer–winter greenhouse production. Sci Hortic, 2016; 202: 17–24.
[38] Chen C, Xu F, Zhu J-R, Wang R-F, Xu Z-H, Shu L-Z, et al. Nitrogen forms affect root growth, photosynthesis, and yield of tomato under alternate partial root-zone irrigation. J Plant Nutr Soil Sci, 2016; 179: 104–112.
[39] Sarker K K, Akanda M A R, Biswas S K, Roy D K, Khatun A, Goffar M A. Field performance of alternate wetting and drying furrow irrigation on tomato crop growth, yield, water use efficiency, quality and profitability. J Integr Agric, 2016; 15(10): 2380–2392.
[40] Drenovsky R E, Khasanova A, James J J. Trait convergence and plasticity among native and invasive species in resource-poor environments. Am J Bot, 2012; 99: 629–639.
[41] Lahoz I, Pérez-de-Castro A, Valcárcel M, Macua JI, Beltrán J, Roselló S, et al. Effect of water deficit on the agronomical performance and quality of processing tomato. Sci Hortic, 2016; 200: 55–65.
[42] Mahmoud M M A, Fayad A M. The effect of deficit irrigation, partial root drying and mulching on tomato yield, and water and energy saving. Irrigation and Drainage, 2022; 71: 295–309.
[43] Li Y M, Sun Y X, Liao S Q, Zou G Y, Zhao T K, Chen Y H, et al. Effects of two slow-release nitrogen fertilizers and irrigation on yield, quality, and water-fertilizer productivity of greenhouse tomato. Agric Water Manage, 2017; 186: 139–146.
[44] Marouelli W A, Silva W L C. Water tension thresholds for processing tomatoes under drip irrigation in Central Brazil. Irrig Sci, 2007; 25: 411–418.
[45] Jensen C R, Battilani A, Plauborg F, Psarras G, Chartzoulakis K, Janowiak F, et al. Deficit irrigation based on drought tolerance and root signalling in potatoes and tomatoes. Agric Water Manage, 2010; 98: 403–413.
[46] Matas A J, López-Casado G, Cuartero J, Heredia A. Relative humidity and temperature modify the mechanical properties of isolated tomato fruit cuticles. American Journal of Botany, 2005; 92: 462–468.
[47] Mwinuka P R, Mbilinyi B P, Mbungu W B, Mourice S K, Mahoo H F, Schmitter P. Optimizing water and nitrogen application for neglected horticultural species in tropical sub-humid climate areas: A case of African eggplant (Solanum aethiopicum L. ). Sci Hortic, 2021; 276: 109756.
[48] Usman M G, Rafii M Y, Martini M Y, Oladosu Y, Kashiani P. Genotypic character relationship and phenotypic path coefficient analysis in chili pepper genotypes grown under tropical condition. J Sci Food Agric, 2017; 97: 1164–1171.
[49] Zotarelli L, Scholberg J M, Dukes M D, Munoz-Carpena R, Icerman J. Tomato yield, biomass accumulation, root distribution and irrigation water use efficiency on a sandy soil, as affected by nitrogen rate and irrigation scheduling. Agric Manage Water, 2009; 96(1): 23–34.
[50] Sharma R, Mahla H R, Kumar S, Gaikwad K. Study of correlation, path coefficient and linkage of flower colour and hairiness with yield controlling quantitative traits in segregating population of cluster bean. Current Plant Biology, 2021; 26: 100202.
[51] Zhang Y, Henke M, Buck-Sorlin G H, Li Y M, Xu H, Liu X G, et al. Estimating canopy leaf physiology of tomato plants grown in a solar greenhouse: Evidence from simulations of light and thermal microclimate using a Functional-Structural Plant Model. Agric For Meteorol, 2021; 307: 108494.
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2024-05-21
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Cai, Z., Zhang, M., Xie, J., Kong, T., Zhang, Y., Zhang, Y., … Zhang, Z. (2024). Appropriate supply of irrigation and nitrogen produced higher yields of cherry tomatoes. International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, 17(2), 149–158. Retrieved from https://ijabe.migration.pkpps03.publicknowledgeproject.org/index.php/ijabe/article/view/8018
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