Heavy metal(loid)s in fruit-growing soil of tropical Hainan Island in China: Pollution, ecological-health risks, spatial assessment, and source analyses
Keywords:
heavy metal(loid)s, Hainan Island, orchard, pollution assessment, ecological-health risk assessments, spatial distribution, source analysisAbstract
Hainan Island is the most important tropical fruit production area in China. In this study, 372 soil samples and corresponding fruit and irrigation water samples were collected from Hainan orchards and analysed to determine the concentrations of six heavy metal(loid)s: Cd, Hg, As, Pb, Cr, and Cu. The pollution status, potential risks, possible sources, and spatial distribution patterns of soil heavy metal(loid)s were comprehensively investigated. The fruit and irrigation water samples had negligible amounts of heavy metal(loid)s, and the potential human health risk for fruit consumers was at a safe level. The heavy metal(loid) concentrations in most soil samples were lower than the national risk screening values. However, significant local accumulation of heavy metal(loid)s, especially Cd, Cr, and Cu, relative to their background values was observed. Moreover, the combined effects of the heavy metal(loid)s only led to a mild pollution level and low ecological risk throughout the study area. Noncarcinogenic risks were not observed among the local residents, and carcinogenic risks were within an acceptable range. The acidic soil in the study area increased the risk of soil Cd pollution, and organic matter affected the distribution of the tested metal(loid)s in the soil. Uncommon geogenic sources with high background values were the sources of Cr and Cu, anthropogenic activities primarily led to Cd, Pb, and As contamination, and a combination of anthropogenic and natural sources was responsible for Hg emissions. The research suggested that appropriate strategies must be implemented to track and reduce soil heavy metal contaminants in the northern and western region of the Hainan orchard area. The results can provide valuable information for policies on pollution prevention and management, the environment, and human health protection in the study region. Keywords: heavy metal(loid)s, Hainan Island, orchard, pollution assessment, ecological-health risk assessments, spatial distribution, source analysis DOI: 10.25165/j.ijabe.20231604.8011 Citation: Wu X F, Zhou C L, Xie Y, Wang X G, Deng A N. Heavy metal(loid)s in fruit-growing soils of tropical Hainan Island in China: Pollution, ecological-health risks, spatial assessment, and source analyses. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2023; 16(4): 231–244.References
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[2] Prabagar S, Dharmadasa R M, Lintha A, Thuraisingam S, Prabagar J. Accumulation of heavy metals in grape fruit, leaves, soil and water: A study of influential factors and evaluating ecological risks in Jaffna, Sri Lanka. Environ Sustain Ind, 2021; 12(9): 100147.
[3] Doyi I, Essumang D, Gbeddy G, Dampare S, Kumassah E, Saka D. Spatial distribution, accumulation and human health risk assessment of heavy metals in soil and groundwater of the Tano Basin, Ghana. Ecotoxicol and Environ Safety, 2018; 165: 540–546.
[4] Fei X, Xiao R, Christakos G, Langousis A, Ren Z, Tian Y, et al. Comprehensive assessment and source apportionment of heavy metals in Shanghai agricultural soils with different fertility levels. Ecol Indic, 2019; 106: 105508.
[5] Ezez D, Belew M. Analysis of physicochemical attributes, contamination level of trace metals and assessment of health risk in mango fruits from Southern region Ethiopia. Toxicology Reports, 2023; 10: 124–132.
[6] Fang B, Zhu X. High content of five heavy metals in four fruits: evidence from a case study of Pujiang County, Zhejiang Province, China. Food Control, 2014; 39: 62–67.
[7] Yang L, Ren Q, Zheng K, Jiao Z, Ruan X, Wang Y. Migration of heavy metals in the soil-grape system and potential health risk assessment. Sci Total Environ, 2022; 806: 150646.
[8] Xu M, Chen Q, Kong X, Han L, Zhang Q, Li Q, et al. Heavy metal contamination and risk assessment in winter jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill. cv. Dongzao). Food Chem Toxicol, 2023; 174: 113645.
[9] Kharazi K, Leili M, Khazaei M, Mohammad K, Mohammad Yusef A, Shokoohi. Human health risk assessment of heavy metals in agricultural soil and food crops in Hamadan, Iran. J Food Compos Anal, 2021; 100(1): 103890.
[10] Doabi S A, Karami M, Afyuni M, Yeganeh M. Pollution and health risk assessment of heavy metals in agricultural soil, atmospheric dust and major food crops in Kermanshah province, Iran. Ecotox Environ Safe, 2018; 163: 153–164.
[11] Tepanosyan G, Sahakyan L, Belyaeva O, Maghakyan N, Saghatelyan A. Human health risk assessment and riskiest heavy metal origin identification in urban soils of Yerevan, Armenia. Chemosphere, 2017; 184: 1230–1240.
[12] Xiao R, Guo D, Ali A, Mi S, Liu T, Ren C, Li R, et al. Accumulation, ecological-health risks assessment, and source apportionment of heavy metals in paddy soils: A case study in Hanzhong, Shaanxi, China. Environ Pollut, 2019; 248: 349–357.
[13] Govind M, Naresh K, Sayan S, Mradul K D, Mongjam M S, Tushar K J, et al. Heavy metal accumulation in fruits and vegetables and human health risk assessment: findings from Maharashtra, India. Environ Health Insig, 2022; 16 (1): 1–10.
[14] Ren J, Li F, Yin C, Orchard grass safeguards sustainable development of fruit industry in China. J Clean Prod, 2023; 382: 135291.
[15] Fu X, Liu J, Huang W. Effects of natural grass on soil microbiology, nutrient and fruit quality of Nanfeng tangerine yard. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2015; 42: 1551–1558.
[16] Li T, Hong X, Liu S, Wu X, Fu S, Liang Y, et al. Cropland degradation and nutrient overload on Hainan Island: A review and synthesis. Environ Pollut, 2022; 313: 120100.
[17] Liu Y, Lin Y, Huang S. Tang Q, Zhang M, Fu J, et al. Distribution characteristics and assessment of soil heavy metals pollution in Hainan state farms. Chinese Journal of Tropical Agriculture, 2017; 37(7): 10–16. (in Chinese)
[18] Zhang Y, Kuang J, Xie Y, Wu X, Wang W. Characteristic analysis and evaluation of heavy metal contamination of agricultural products in Hainan province. Soil and Fertilizer Scienses in China, 2018; (5): 169–176. (in Chinese)
[19] Li F, Li X, Yang F, Qi Z. Pollution evaluation and preliminary analysis of pollution sources of heavy metals in agricultural soil of Hainan Island. Natural Sciences Journal of Hainan University, 2013; 31(3): 211–217. (in Chinese)
[20] Liang J, Sun H, Ge C, Meng L. Distribution of heavy metal contents in soils of main crop production areas in Hainan and the health risk assessment. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2019; 40(11): 2285–2293. (in Chinese)
[21] Xie Y. Evaluation on environmental quality of soils in fruit producing areas of Hainan province. Chinese Journal of Tropical Agriculture, 2017; 37(11): 39–47. (in Chinese)
[22] Zhong P. Distribution of anthropogenic input of heavy metals in arable land soil of Hainan Islan. Hainan University, 2015. (in Chinese)
[23] Li J, Li X, Ge C, Yu H, Sun H, Chen M. Health risk assessment of heavy metal in soils in the north of Hainan Province with high background value. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2018, 39(1): 189–196. (in Chinese)
[24] Gao J, Gong J, Yang J, Wang Z, Fu Y, Tang S. Spatial distribution and ecological risk assessment of soil heavy metals in a typical volcanic area: Influence of parent materials. Heliyon, 2023; 9: e12993.
[25] Yang J, Sun Y, Wang Z, Gong J, Gao J, et al. Heavy metal pollution in agricultural soils of a typical volcanic area: Risk assessment and source appointment. Chemosphere, 2022; 304: 135340.
[26] Liu Y, Lin Y, Huang S, Ji J, Liu H, Chen Y. Concentration characteristics and geoaccumulation index assessment of soil heavy metals in tropical crops producing areas of Hainan Island. Guangdong Agricultural Sciences, 2017; 44(7): 59–64. (in Chinese)
[27] Shi H, Zeng M, Peng H, Huang C, Sun H, Hou Q, et al. Health risk assessment of heavy metals in groundwater of Hainan island using the Monte Carlosimulation coupled with the APCS/MLR model. Int J Environ Res Pub He, 2022; 19(13): 7827.
[28] Chen H, Teng Y, Lu S, Wang Y, Wang J. Contamination features and health risk of soil heavy metals in China. Sci Total Environ, 2015; 512: 143–153.
[29] China National Environmental Monitoring Center. The Soil Background Value in China, China Environmental Science Press, 1990, Beijing. (in Chinese)
[30] Hakanson L. An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control. A sedi-mentological approach. Water Res, 1980; 14: 975–1001.
[31] Ke X, Gui S, Huang H, Zhang H, Wang C, Guo W. Ecological risk assessment and source identification for heavy metals in surface sediment from the Liaohe River protected area, China. Chemosphere, 2017; 175: 473-481.
[32] USEPA. Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund, Volume 1: Human Health Evaluation Manual (Part A), Interim Final. US Environ Prot Agency, Off Emerg Remedial Response, 1989, Washington.
[33] Baltas H, Sirin M, Gökbayrak E, Ozcelik A E. A case study on pollution and a human health risk assessment of heavy metals in agricultural soils around Sinop province, Turkey. Chemosphere; 2020, 241: 125015.
[34] USEPA. Supplemental guidance for developing soil screening levels for superfund sites. Peer Rev. Draft. OSWER, 2001; 9355, 4-24.
[35] Wu J, Lu J, Li L, Min X, Luo Y. Pollution, ecological-health risks, and sources of heavy metals in soil of the northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Chemosphere, 2018; 201: 234–242.
[36] Li J R. Heavy metal pollution assessment and health risk assessment of cultivated land based on soil-crop-human system. Zhejiang University, 2019. (in Chinese).
[37] UAEPA. Risk assessment guidance for superfund. Human Health Evaluation Manual (part A). EPA/540/1–89/002. vol. 1. Environmental Protection Agency, 1989; Washington, DC, pp.35-52.
[38] Yadav I C, Devi N L, Singh V K, Li J, Zhang G. Spatial distribution, source analysis, and health risk assessment of heavy metals contamination in house dust and surface soil from four major cities of Nepal. Chemosphere, 2019; 218: 1100-1113.
[39] AvaLeili K, Mohammad M, Mohammad A, Reza Y. Human health risk assessment of heavy metals in agricultural soil and food crops in Hamadan, Iran. J Food Compos Anal, 2021; 100(1): 103890.
[40] Ma X L, Zuo H, Tian M J, Zhang L Y, Meng J, Zhou X N, et al. Assessment of heavy metals contamination in sediments from three adjacent regions of the Yellow River using metal chemical fractions and multivariate analysis techniques. Chemosphere, 2016; 144: 264–272.
[41] Xu H J, Chen H, Wang X L, Zhang Y L, Wang J J, Li N, et al. Earthworms stimulate nitrogen transformation in an acidic soil under different Cd contamination. Ecotoxicol Environ Safety, 2018; 165: 564–572.
[42] Cui X, Cheng H, Liu X, Giubilato E, Critto A, Sun H, et al. Cadmium exposure and early renal effects in the children and adults living in a tungsten-molybdenum mining areas of South China. Environ Sci Pollut Res, 2018; 25(15): 15089–15101.
[43] Bhuiyan M A, Parvez L, Islam M A, Dampare S B, Suzuki S. Heavy metal pollution of coal mine-affected agricultural soils in the northern part of Bangladesh. J Haz Mat, 2010; 173(1): 384–392.
[44] Deng Y, Jiang L, Xu L, Hao X, Zhang S, Xu M, et al. Spatial distribution and risk assessment of heavy metals in contaminated paddy fields-A case study in Xiangtan City, southern China. Ecotoxicol Environ Safety, 2019; 171: 281–289.
[45] Sun C, Liu J, Wang Y, Sun L, Yu H. Multivariate and geostatistical analyses of the spatial distribution and sources of heavy metals in agricultural soil in Dehui, Northeast China. Chemosphere, 2013; 92: 517–523.
[46] Guo Y, Fu Y, He Y, Ma R, Zhang G. Evaluation and source analysis of the heavy metals and selenium in the farmland soils of volcanic area, north of Hainan Island. Journal of Safety and Environment, 2015; 15(1): 330–334. (in Chinese)doi: 1009-6094(2015) 01-0330-05.
[47] Wang Y, Duan X, Wang L. Spatial distribution and source analysis of heavy metals in soils influenced by industrial enterprise distribution: case study in Jiangsu Province. Sci Total Environ, 2020; 710: 134953.
[48] Liu H, Zhang Y, Yang J, Wang H, Li Y, Shi Y, et al. Quantitative source apportionment, risk assessment and distribution of heavy metals in agricultural soils from southern Shandong Peninsula of China. Sci Total Environ, 2021; 767: 144879.
[49] Zhao W, Pan Y, Lan T, Wu Z, Zhang L, Zhu Z, et al. Analysis of heavy metals and antibiotics content in Hainan commercial organic fertilizers. Environmental Chemistry, 2017; 36(2): 408–419. (in Chinese)doi: 10.7524/ j.issn.0254-6108.2017.02.2016051803.
[50] Hainan Geological Survey, Geological Map of Hainan Province(1: 250000), Geological Publishing House, 2017. (in Chinese)
[51] Li P W. Remote sensing monitoring of mine development and recovery in Hainan Province. China University of Geosciences, 2020. (in Chinese)doi: 10.27493/d.cnki.gzdzy.2020.000664.
[52] Fu Y. Study on pollution and health risk assessment of heavy metal in typical mining areas of Hainan. Hainan University, 2019. (in Chinese)doi: 10.27073/d.cnki.ghadu.2019.000969.
[53] Wang G, Zhang S, Xiao L, Zhong Q, Li L, Xu G, et al. Heavy metals in soils from a typical industrial area in Sichuan, China: spatial distribution, source identification, and ecological risk assessment. Environ Sci Pollut Res, 2017; 24(20): 16618–16630.
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2023-10-17
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Wu, X., Zhou, C., Xie, Y., Wang, X., & Deng, A. (2023). Heavy metal(loid)s in fruit-growing soil of tropical Hainan Island in China: Pollution, ecological-health risks, spatial assessment, and source analyses. International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, 16(4), 231–244. Retrieved from https://ijabe.migration.pkpps03.publicknowledgeproject.org/index.php/ijabe/article/view/8011
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Biosystems, Biological and Ecological Engineering
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