Phase states of moisture content in different maize kernel types
Keywords:
maize (Zea mays L.), LF-NMR, moisture phase state, kernel type, dehydration rateAbstract
ccurate determination of the moisture content in maize kernels conduces to screen maize germplasm materials with efficient dehydration. Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) single-kernel non-destructive testing technology was used to determine the moisture content at different phase states in the kernels for selected types of maize. The NMR T2 relaxation inversion spectrum was monitored in maize kernels to determine the variation in the moisture content in different phase states with time. The total water and free water peaked at the filling stage of the maize kernels and then declined to a minimum at physiological maturity. The semi-bound water generally increased to a long-lasting peak in the dough stage and then declined. The bound water increased from kernel formation to maturity and then remained stable. The contents of total water, free water, semi-bound water, and bound water had significant differences among kernel types but not among varieties of the same type. The contents of semi-bound water and free water were linearly correlated with the dehydration rates of the kernels. The results of this study can provide a means for creating new germplasm materials. Keywords: maize (Zea mays L.), LF-NMR, moisture phase state, kernel type, dehydration rate DOI: 10.25165/j.ijabe.20231601.7898 Citation: Li N, Xu T Y, Hao N. Phase states of moisture content in different maize kernel types. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2023; 16(1): 250–259.References
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[34] Purdy J L, Crane P L. Inheritance of drying rate in "mature" corn (Zea mays L.). Crop Science, 1967; 7(4), 294–297.
[35] Nelson S O, Lawrence K C. Kernel moisture variation on the ear in yellow-dent field corn. Transactions of the ASAE, 1991; 34(2): 513–516.
[36] Wang K R, Li S K. Analysis of influencing factors on kernel dehydration rate of maize hybrids. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2017; 50(11): 2027–2035. (in Chinese)
[37] Chazarreta Y D, Amas J I, Otegui M E. Kernel filling and desiccation in temperate maize: breeding and environmental effects. Field Crops Research, 2021; 271(14): 108243. doi: 10.1016/j.fcr.2021.108243.
[38] Austin D F, Lee M, Veldboom L R, Hallauer A R. Genetic mapping in maize with hybrid progeny across testers and generations: Grain yield and grain moisture. Crop Science, 2000; 40(1): 30–39.
[39] Bewley J D, Bradford K J, Hilhorst H W M, Nonogaki H. Seeds: Physiology of development, germination and dormancy (3rd edition). Seed Science Research, 2013; 23(4): 289. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4614-4693-4.
[2] Ghosh P K, Jayas D S, Gruwel M, White N. A magnetic resonance imaging study of wheat drying kinetics. Biosystems Engineering, 2007; 97(2): 189–199.
[3] Li L L, Bo M, Xue J, Shang G, Li S K. Difference in corn kernel moisture content between pre-and post-harvest. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2021; 20(7): 1775–1782.
[4] Wang Z H, Wang X, Zhang L, Liu X J, Di H, Li T F, et al. QTL underlying field grain drying rate after physiological maturity in maize (Zea mays L.). Euphytica, 2012; 185(3): 521–528.
[5] Georgiev T M, Mouhtanov I I. Relationships among several characteristics in maize related to the kernel moisture content at harvest. Maize Genetics Cooperation News Letter, 1980: 102–105.
[6] Zhou G F, Hao D R, Xue L, Chen G Q, Lu H H, Zhang Z L, et al. Genome-wide association study of kernel moisture content at harvest stage in maize. Breeding Science. 2018; 68(5): 622–628.
[7] Krishnan P, Chopra U K, Verma A, Joshi D K, Chand I. Nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation characterisation of water status of developing grains of maize (Zea mays L.) grown at different nitrogen levels. Journal of Bioscience & Bioengineering, 2014; 117(4): 512–518.
[8] Song P, Yang H W, Yang T, Xu J, Wang K T. Detection of rice seed vigor by low-field nuclear magnetic resonance. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2018; 11(6): 195–200.
[9] Troyer A F, Ambrose W B. Plant characteristics affecting field drying rate of ear corn. Crop Science, 1971; 11(4): 529–531.
[10] Glidewell S M. NMR imaging of developing barley grains. Journal of Cereal Science, 2006; 43(1): 70–78.
[11] Brooking I R. Maize ear moisture during grain-filling, and its relation to physiological maturity and grain-drying. Field Crops Research, 1990; 23(1): 55–68.
[12] Wang H, Liu J S, Min W H, Zheng M Z, Hao L I. Changes of moisture distribution and migration in fresh ear corn during storage. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2019; 18(11): 2644–2651.
[13] Saldivar X, Wang Y J, Chen P, Hou A. Changes in chemical composition during soybean seed development. Food Chemistry, 2011; 124(4): 1369–1375.
[14] Shao X L, Li Y F. Effects of blanching on water distribution and water status in sweet corn investigated by using MRI and NMR. Transactions of the CSAE, 2009; 25(10): 302–306. (in Chinese)
[15] Ishida N, Koizumi M, Kano H. The NMR microscope: a unique and promising tool for plant science. Annals of Botany, 2000; 86(2): 259–278.
[16] Castro C, Gazza L, Ciccoritti R, Pogna N, Rossi C O, Manetti C. Development of wheat kernels with contrasting endosperm texture characteristics as determined by magnetic resonance imaging and time domain-nuclear magnetic resonance. Journal of Cereal Science, 2010; 52(2): 303–309.
[17] Jenner C F, Xia Y, Eccles C D, Callaghan P T. Circulation of water within wheat grain revealed by nuclear magnetic resonance micro-imaging. Nature, 1988; 336: 399–402.
[18] Pedersen H T, Munck L, Engelsen S B. Low-field 1 h nuclear magnetic resonance and chemometrics combined for simultaneous determination of water, oil, and protein contents in oilseeds. Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society, 2000; 77(10): 1069–1077.
[19] Marcone M F, Wang S, Albabish W, Nie S, Somnarain D, Hill A. Diverse food-based applications of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technology. Food Research International, 2013; 51(2): 729–747.
[20] Cheng S S, Wang X H, Li R R, Yang H M, Wang H H, Wang H T, et al. Influence of multiple freeze-thaw cycles on quality characteristics of beef semimembranous muscle: With emphasis on water status and distribution by LF-NMR and MRI. Meat Science, 2019; 147: 44–52.
[21] Janas S, Boutry S, Malumba P., Elst L V, Bera F. Modelling dehydration and quality degradation of maize during fluidized-bed drying. Journal of Food Engineering, 2010; 99(3): 527–534.
[22] Colnago L A, Wiesman Z, Pages G, Musse M, Rondeau-Mouro C. Low field, time domain NMR in the agriculture and agrifood sectors: An overview of applications in plants, foods and biofuels. Journal of Magnetic Resonance, 2021; 323: 106899. doi: 10.1016/j.jmr.2020.106899.
[23] Yin S Y, Liu J, Yang T T, Li P C, Xu Y, Fang H M, et al. Genetic analysis of the seed dehydration process in maize based on a logistic model. The Crop Journal, 2019; 8(2): 16–27.
[24] Li P, Li Y, Wang L, Zhang H, Qi X G, Qian H F. Study on water absorption kinetics of black beans during soaking. Journal of Food Engineering, 2020; 283(3): 110030. doi: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2020. 110030.
[25] Zhang H Y. Nutrient qualities of kernels in different types of maize and its relationship with kernel texture. Journal of Plant Physiology, 2009; 45(1): 19–22.
[26] Chen L, Tian Y Q, Sun B H, Wang J P, Tong Q Y, Jin Z Y. Rapid, accurate, and simultaneous measurement of water and oil contents in the fried starchy system using low-field NMR. Food Chemistry, 2017; 233: 525–529.
[27] Fábián A, Jäger K, Rakszegi M, Barnabás B. Embryo and endosperm development in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) kernels subjected to drought stress. Plant Cell Reports, 2011; 30(4): 551–563.
[28] Chen M, Li J L, Li W, Liu C X, Chen C, Cheng D H, et al. Dynamic testing and imaging of living maize kernel moisture using Low-Field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (LF-NMR). Transactions of the CSAE, 2020; 36(23): 285–292. (in Chinese)
[29] Danso J K, Osekre E A, Manu N, Opit G P, Mbata G. Moisture content, insect pests and mycotoxin levels of maize at harvest and post-harvest in the Middle Belt of Ghana. Journal of Stored Products Research, 2017; 74: 46–55.
[30] Tan M Q, Lin Y, Zu Y X, Zhu B W, Cheng S S. Effect of multiple freeze-thaw cycles on the quality of instant sea cucumber: emphatically on water status of by LF-NMR and MRI. Food Research International, 2018; 109: 65–71.
[31] Crane P L, Miles S R, Newman J E. Factors associated with varietal differences in rate of field drying in corn. Agronomy Journal, 1959; 51(6): 318–320.
[32] Li, L L, Ming B, Xie R Z, Wang K R, Hou P, Gao S, et al. The stability and variability of maize kernel moisture content at physiological maturity. Crop Science, 2020; 61(1): 704–714.
[33] Sala R G, Andrade F H, Camadro E L, Cerono J C. Quantitative trait loci for grain moisture at harvest and field grain drying rate in maize (Zea mays, L.). Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2006; 112(3): 462–471.
[34] Purdy J L, Crane P L. Inheritance of drying rate in "mature" corn (Zea mays L.). Crop Science, 1967; 7(4), 294–297.
[35] Nelson S O, Lawrence K C. Kernel moisture variation on the ear in yellow-dent field corn. Transactions of the ASAE, 1991; 34(2): 513–516.
[36] Wang K R, Li S K. Analysis of influencing factors on kernel dehydration rate of maize hybrids. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2017; 50(11): 2027–2035. (in Chinese)
[37] Chazarreta Y D, Amas J I, Otegui M E. Kernel filling and desiccation in temperate maize: breeding and environmental effects. Field Crops Research, 2021; 271(14): 108243. doi: 10.1016/j.fcr.2021.108243.
[38] Austin D F, Lee M, Veldboom L R, Hallauer A R. Genetic mapping in maize with hybrid progeny across testers and generations: Grain yield and grain moisture. Crop Science, 2000; 40(1): 30–39.
[39] Bewley J D, Bradford K J, Hilhorst H W M, Nonogaki H. Seeds: Physiology of development, germination and dormancy (3rd edition). Seed Science Research, 2013; 23(4): 289. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4614-4693-4.
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Published
2023-03-13
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Li, N., Xu, T., & Hao, N. (2023). Phase states of moisture content in different maize kernel types. International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, 16(1), 250–259. Retrieved from https://ijabe.migration.pkpps03.publicknowledgeproject.org/index.php/ijabe/article/view/7898
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Agro-product and Food Processing Systems
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