Effects of daily light integral on tomato (Solanum Lycopersicon L.) grafting and quality in a controlled environment
Keywords:
stress resistance, endogenous hormones, stem flow, energy use efficiency, seedling indexAbstract
As the source of energy and biology signals, light can influence the healing process of grafted seedlings by regulating the synthesis of the endogenous hormone, regeneration of wound-healing tissue, and connection of vascular tissue in grafted seedlings. The effect of daily light integral (DLI) on the healing process and seedling quality of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) was analyzed in this study, with the comparison of grafted seedlings treated in dark for 7 d after grafting. The results showed that the height increment of scion and rootstock, adhesion of graft union, stem flow, total chlorophyll content, and net photosynthesis rate increased gradually with increasing light intensity, and no longer increased significantly when the DLI was higher than 5.04 mol/m2•d. The contents of auxin (IAA) and gibberellin (GA) in tomato leaves increase and abscisic acid (ABA) decreases with the increase of DLI. However, there was no significant difference between the treatments with DLI higher than 6.48 mol/m2•d. Both the biomass and energy use efficiency (EUE) of grafted seedlings increased with DLI in a certain range and then decreased. The biomass was the largest when DLI was 5.04 mol/m2•d. However, EUE was highest when DLI was 7.46 mol/m2•d. In conclusion, a suitable DLI is beneficial to cultivate high-quality grafted tomato seedlings, and increasing DLI within a certain range can promote biomass accumulation, connection of vascular tissue, endogenous hormone biosynthesis in tomato grafted seedlings during healing period. The lighting environment with DLI of 5.04 mol/m2•d (light intensity of 100 μmol/m2•s and light time of 14 h/d) is recommended for the healing treatment in high-quality production, which also improves EUE during the healing period of tomato grafted seedlings. Keywords: stress resistance, endogenous hormones, stem flow, energy use efficiency, seedling index DOI: 10.25165/j.ijabe.20221506.7409 Citation: Song J X, Fan Y L, Li X Q, Li Y Z, Mao H P, Zuo Z Y, et al. Effects of daily light integral on tomato (Solanum Lycopersicon L.) grafting and quality in a controlled environment. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2022; 15(6): 44–50.References
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[4] Dabirian S, Miles, C A. Antitranspirant application increases grafting success of watermelon. Horttechnology, 2017; 27(4): 494–501.
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[8] Rikiishi K, Matsuura T, Maekawa M, Takeda K. Light control of shoot regeneration in callus cultures derived from barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) immature embryos. Breeding Science, 2008; 58: 129–135.
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[20] Sun F, Ma S, Gao L, Qu M, Tian Y. Enhancing root regeneration and nutrient absorption in double-rootcutting grafted seedlings by regulating light intensity and photoperiod. Scientia Horticulturae, 2020; 264: 109192. doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2020.109192.
[21] Baron D, Amaro A C E, Pina A, Ferreira G. An overview of grafting re-establishment in woody fruit species. Scientia Horticulturae, 2019; 243: 84–91.
[22] Yan Z N, He D X, Niu G H, Zhai H. Evaluation of growth and quality of hydroponic lettuce at harvest as affected by the light intensity, photoperiod and light quality at seedling stage. Scientia Horticulturae, 2019; 248: 138–144.
[23] Faust J E, Heins R D. Modeling leaf development of the African violet (Saintpaulia ionantha Wendl.). Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 1993; 118(6): 747–751.
[24] Ohadi S, Rahimian M H, Tavakkol-afshari R, Mesgaran M. Modelling the effect of light intensity and duration of exposure on seed germination of Phalaris minor and Poa annua. Weed Research, 2010; 50: 209–217.
[25] Hutchinson V A, Currey C J, Lopez R G. Photosynthetic daily light integral during root development influences subsequent growth and development of several herbaceous annual bedding plants. Hortscience, 2012; 47(7): 856–860.
[26] Currey C J, Lopez R G. Biomass accumulation and allocation, photosynthesis, and carbohydrate status of new guinea impatiens, geranium, and petunia cuttings are affected by photosynthetic daily light integral during root development. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 2015; 140(6): 542–549.
[27] Chong J A, Samarakoon U C, Faust J E. Effects of daily light integral and canopy density on shoot growth and development in a poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex. Klotsch) stock plant canopy. Hortscience, 2014; 49(1): 51–54.
[28] Gerovac J R, Craver J K, Boldt J K, Lopez R. Light intensity and quality from sole-source light-emitting diodes impact growth, morphology, and nutrient content of Brassica microgreens. Hortscience, 2016; 51(5): 497–503.
[29] Ji F, Gan P, Liu N, He D, Yang P. Effects of LED spectrum and daily light integral on growth and energy use efficiency of tomato seedlings. Transactions of the CSAE, 2020; 36(22): 231–238. (in Chinese)
[30] Ma Z, Ge L, Lee A, Yong J, Tan S, Ong E. Simultaneous analysis of different classes of phytohormones in coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) water using high-performance liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry after solid-phase extraction. Analytica Chimica Acta, 2008; 610(2): 274–281.
[31] Pan X, Welti R, Wang X. Quantitative analysis of major plant hormones in crude plant extracts by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Nature protocols, 2010; 5(6): 986–992.
[32] Nisar N, Verma S, Pogson B J, Cazzonelli C I. Inflorescence stem grafting made easy in Arabidopsis. Plant Methods, 2012; 8(1): 50–58.
[33] Xiang G, Shao S, Yang S. Comparative observation on cytology during the formation of a compatible autograft and an incompatible heterograft. Acta Agriculturae Universitatis Pekinensis, 1992; 18(3): 267–274. (in Chinese)
[34] Hao W, Muneer S, Manivannan A, Liu Y, Park J, Jeong B R. Slight vapor deficit accelerates graft union healing of tomato plug seedling. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 2018; 40: 147. doi: 10.1007/s11738-018-2724-6.
[35] Zheng J F, Gan P D, Ji F, He D X, Yang P. Growth and energy use efficiency of grafted tomato transplants as affected by LED light quality and photon flux density. Agriculture, 2021; 11: 816. doi: 10.3390/agriculture11090816.
[36] Song J X, Meng Q W, Du W F, He D X. Effects of light quality on growth and development of cucumber seedlings in controlled environment. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2017; 10(3): 312–318.
[37] Wei H, Wang M, Jeong B R. Effect of supplementary lighting duration on growth and activity of antioxidant enzymes in grafted watermelon seedlings. Agronomy, 2020; 10: 337. doi: 10.3390/agronomy10030337.
[38] Jiang C, Johkan M, Hohjo M, Tsukagoshi S, Ebihara M, Nakaminami A, et al. Photosynthesis, plant growth, and fruit production of single-truss tomato improves with supplemental lighting provided from underneath or within the inner canopy. Scientia Horticulturae, 2017; 222: 221–229.
[39] Li Q, Kubota C. Effects of supplemental light quality on growth and phytochemicals of baby leaf lettuce. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 2009; 67: 59–64.
[40] Baron D, Amaro A C E, Macedo A C, Boaro C S, Ferreira G. Physiological changes modulated by rootstocks in atemoya (Annona x atemoya Mabb.): Gas exchange, growth and ion concentration. Brazilian Journal of Botany, 2018; 41(1): 219–225.
[41] Nawaz M A, Imtiaz M, Kong Q, Chen F, Ahmed W, Huang Y, et al. Grafting: A technique to modify ion accumulation in horticultural crops. Frontiers in Plant Science, 2016; 7: 1457. doi:10.3389/fpls.2016.01457.
[42] Chen X, Yao Q, Gao X, Jiang C, Harberd N P, Fu X. Shoot-to-root mobile transcription factor HY5 coordinates plant carbon and nitrogen acquisition. Current Biology, 2016; 26: 640-646. doi: 10.1016/ j.cub.2015.12.066.
[43] Nanda A K, Melnyk C W. The role of plant hormones during grafting. Journal of Plant Research, 2018; 131: 49–58.
[44] Melnyk C, Schuster C, Leyser O, Meyerowitz E M. A developmental framework for graft formation and vascular reconnection in Arabidopsis thaliana. Current Biology, 2015; 25(10): 1306–1318.
[45] Ashina M, Satoh S. Molecular and physiological mechanisms regulating tissue reunion in incised plant tissues. Journal of Plant Research, 2015; 128(3): 381–388.
[46] Malcheska F, Ahmad A, Batool S, Muller H M, Ludwig-Muller J, Kreuzwieser J, et al. Drought-enhanced xylem sap sulfate closes stomata by affecting ALMT12 and guard cell ABA synthesis. Plant Physiology, 2017; 74: 798–814.
[47] Grieneisen V A, Jian X, Maree A F M, Hogeweg P, Scheres B. Auxin transport is sufficient to generate a maximum and gradient guiding root growth. Nature, 2007; 449(25): 1008–1013.
[48] Halliday K J, Martinez-Garcia J F, Josse E M. Integration of light and auxin signaling. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology, 2009; 1(6): a001586. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a001586.
[49] Yang J H, Liu C, Niu S H, Li W. Regulatory effect of stem cambium gibberellin on plant growth and development. Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 2019; 41(7): 68–74. (in Chinese)
[50] Bantis, F, Koukounaras A, Siomos A, Menexes G C, Dangitsis C, Kintzonidis D. Assessing quantitative criteria for characterization of quality categories for grafted watermelon seedlings. Horticulturae, 2019; 5: 16. doi: 10.3390/horticulturae5010016.
[51] Xiao W J, Sun J L, Wang S H, Sun H H, Wang H Y, Sui X L, et al. Moderate water stress increased the photosynthesis adaptability of cucumber seedlings under low light. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2010; 37(9): 1439–1448. (in Chinese)
[2] Chávez-Mendoza C, Sánchez E, Carvajal-Millan E, Muñoz-Márquez E, Guevara-Aguilar A. Characterization of the nutraceutical quality and antioxidant activity in bell pepper in response to grafting. Molecules, 2013; 18(12): 15689–15703.
[3] Jang Y, Mun B, Do K, Um Y, Chun C. Effects of photosynthetic photon flux and carbon dioxide concentration on the photosynthesis and growth of grafted pepper transplants during healing and acclimatization. Horticulture, Environment and Biotechnology, 2014; 55(5): 387–396.
[4] Dabirian S, Miles, C A. Antitranspirant application increases grafting success of watermelon. Horttechnology, 2017; 27(4): 494–501.
[5] Fan J, Yang R, Li X, Zhao W, Zhao F, Wang S. The processes of graft union formation in tomato. Horticulture Environment and Biotechnology, 2015; 56(5): 569–574.
[6] Bantis F, Koukounaras A, Siomos A S, Fntelli M N, Kintzonidis D. Bichromatic red and blue LEDs during healing enhance the vegetative growth and quality of grafted watermelon seedlings. Scientia Horticulturae, 2020; 261: 109000. doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2019.109000.
[7] Lang K M, Nair A, Litvin A G. An alternative healing method for grafted tomato transplants: The effect of light exclusion and substrate temperature on plant survival and growth. HortTechnology, 2020; 30(6): 677–684.
[8] Rikiishi K, Matsuura T, Maekawa M, Takeda K. Light control of shoot regeneration in callus cultures derived from barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) immature embryos. Breeding Science, 2008; 58: 129–135.
[9] Velez-ramirez A I, Van-ieperen W, Vreugdenhil D, Millenaar F F. Continuous-light tolerance in tomato is graft-transferable. Planta, 2015; 241: 285–290.
[10] Lee J M, Kubota C, Tsao S J, Bie Z, Echevarria P, Morra L, et al. Current status of vegetable grafting: Diffusion, grafting techniques, automation. Scientia Horticulturae, 2010; 127(2): 93–105.
[11] Farhadi N, Panahandeh J, Azar M, Alizadeh-Salteh S. Effects of explant type, growth regulators and light intensity on callus induction and plant regeneration in four ecotypes of Persian shallot (llium hirtifolium). Scientia Horticulturae, 2017; 218: 80–86.
[12] Nobuoka T, Oda M, Sasaki H. Effects of relative humidity, light intensity and leaf temperature on transpiration of tomato scions. Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science, 1996; 64(4): 859–865. (in Japanese)
[13] Muneer S, Ko C H, Soundararajan P, Manivnnan A, Park Y G, Jeong B R. Proteomic study related to vascular connections in watermelon scions grafted onto bottle-gourd rootstock under different light intensities. PLoS ONE, 2015; 10(3): e0120899. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120899.
[14] Jang Y, Goto E, Ishigami Y, Mun B, Chum C. Effects of light intensity and relative humidity on photosynthesis, growth and graft-take of grafted cucumber seedlings during healing and acclimatization. Horticulture Environment and Biotechnology, 2011; 52(4): 331–338.
[15] Afshari R T, Angoshtari R, Kalantari S. Effects of light and different plant growth regulators on induction of callus growth in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) genotypes. Plant Omics Journal, 2011; 4(2): 60–67.
[16] Taranto F, Pasqualone A, Mangini G, Tripodi P, Miazzi M M, Pavan S, et al. Polyphenol oxidases in crops: Biochemical, physiological and genetic aspects. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2017; 18: 337. doi: 10.3390/ijms18020377.
[17] Vu N T, Kim Y S, Kang H M, Kim S. Influence of short-term irradiation during pre- and post-grafting period on the graft-take ratio and quality of tomato seedlings. Horticulture, Environment and Biotechnology, 2014; 55(1): 27–35.
[18] Ahmed F Y, Muhammad M A, Hafiz M R, Ahmed G G, Liang D, Li B, et al. Light quality and quantity affect graft union formation of tomato plants. Scientific Reports, 2021; 11(1): 9870. doi: 10.1038/ s41598-021-88971-5.
[19] An S, Hwang H, Chun C, Jang Y, Lee H J, Wi S H, et al. Evaluation of air temperature, photoperiod and light intensity conditions to produce cucumber scions and rootstocks in a plant factory with artificial lighting. Horticulturae, 2021; 7: 102. doi: 10.3390/horticulturae7050102.
[20] Sun F, Ma S, Gao L, Qu M, Tian Y. Enhancing root regeneration and nutrient absorption in double-rootcutting grafted seedlings by regulating light intensity and photoperiod. Scientia Horticulturae, 2020; 264: 109192. doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2020.109192.
[21] Baron D, Amaro A C E, Pina A, Ferreira G. An overview of grafting re-establishment in woody fruit species. Scientia Horticulturae, 2019; 243: 84–91.
[22] Yan Z N, He D X, Niu G H, Zhai H. Evaluation of growth and quality of hydroponic lettuce at harvest as affected by the light intensity, photoperiod and light quality at seedling stage. Scientia Horticulturae, 2019; 248: 138–144.
[23] Faust J E, Heins R D. Modeling leaf development of the African violet (Saintpaulia ionantha Wendl.). Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 1993; 118(6): 747–751.
[24] Ohadi S, Rahimian M H, Tavakkol-afshari R, Mesgaran M. Modelling the effect of light intensity and duration of exposure on seed germination of Phalaris minor and Poa annua. Weed Research, 2010; 50: 209–217.
[25] Hutchinson V A, Currey C J, Lopez R G. Photosynthetic daily light integral during root development influences subsequent growth and development of several herbaceous annual bedding plants. Hortscience, 2012; 47(7): 856–860.
[26] Currey C J, Lopez R G. Biomass accumulation and allocation, photosynthesis, and carbohydrate status of new guinea impatiens, geranium, and petunia cuttings are affected by photosynthetic daily light integral during root development. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 2015; 140(6): 542–549.
[27] Chong J A, Samarakoon U C, Faust J E. Effects of daily light integral and canopy density on shoot growth and development in a poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex. Klotsch) stock plant canopy. Hortscience, 2014; 49(1): 51–54.
[28] Gerovac J R, Craver J K, Boldt J K, Lopez R. Light intensity and quality from sole-source light-emitting diodes impact growth, morphology, and nutrient content of Brassica microgreens. Hortscience, 2016; 51(5): 497–503.
[29] Ji F, Gan P, Liu N, He D, Yang P. Effects of LED spectrum and daily light integral on growth and energy use efficiency of tomato seedlings. Transactions of the CSAE, 2020; 36(22): 231–238. (in Chinese)
[30] Ma Z, Ge L, Lee A, Yong J, Tan S, Ong E. Simultaneous analysis of different classes of phytohormones in coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) water using high-performance liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry after solid-phase extraction. Analytica Chimica Acta, 2008; 610(2): 274–281.
[31] Pan X, Welti R, Wang X. Quantitative analysis of major plant hormones in crude plant extracts by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Nature protocols, 2010; 5(6): 986–992.
[32] Nisar N, Verma S, Pogson B J, Cazzonelli C I. Inflorescence stem grafting made easy in Arabidopsis. Plant Methods, 2012; 8(1): 50–58.
[33] Xiang G, Shao S, Yang S. Comparative observation on cytology during the formation of a compatible autograft and an incompatible heterograft. Acta Agriculturae Universitatis Pekinensis, 1992; 18(3): 267–274. (in Chinese)
[34] Hao W, Muneer S, Manivannan A, Liu Y, Park J, Jeong B R. Slight vapor deficit accelerates graft union healing of tomato plug seedling. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 2018; 40: 147. doi: 10.1007/s11738-018-2724-6.
[35] Zheng J F, Gan P D, Ji F, He D X, Yang P. Growth and energy use efficiency of grafted tomato transplants as affected by LED light quality and photon flux density. Agriculture, 2021; 11: 816. doi: 10.3390/agriculture11090816.
[36] Song J X, Meng Q W, Du W F, He D X. Effects of light quality on growth and development of cucumber seedlings in controlled environment. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2017; 10(3): 312–318.
[37] Wei H, Wang M, Jeong B R. Effect of supplementary lighting duration on growth and activity of antioxidant enzymes in grafted watermelon seedlings. Agronomy, 2020; 10: 337. doi: 10.3390/agronomy10030337.
[38] Jiang C, Johkan M, Hohjo M, Tsukagoshi S, Ebihara M, Nakaminami A, et al. Photosynthesis, plant growth, and fruit production of single-truss tomato improves with supplemental lighting provided from underneath or within the inner canopy. Scientia Horticulturae, 2017; 222: 221–229.
[39] Li Q, Kubota C. Effects of supplemental light quality on growth and phytochemicals of baby leaf lettuce. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 2009; 67: 59–64.
[40] Baron D, Amaro A C E, Macedo A C, Boaro C S, Ferreira G. Physiological changes modulated by rootstocks in atemoya (Annona x atemoya Mabb.): Gas exchange, growth and ion concentration. Brazilian Journal of Botany, 2018; 41(1): 219–225.
[41] Nawaz M A, Imtiaz M, Kong Q, Chen F, Ahmed W, Huang Y, et al. Grafting: A technique to modify ion accumulation in horticultural crops. Frontiers in Plant Science, 2016; 7: 1457. doi:10.3389/fpls.2016.01457.
[42] Chen X, Yao Q, Gao X, Jiang C, Harberd N P, Fu X. Shoot-to-root mobile transcription factor HY5 coordinates plant carbon and nitrogen acquisition. Current Biology, 2016; 26: 640-646. doi: 10.1016/ j.cub.2015.12.066.
[43] Nanda A K, Melnyk C W. The role of plant hormones during grafting. Journal of Plant Research, 2018; 131: 49–58.
[44] Melnyk C, Schuster C, Leyser O, Meyerowitz E M. A developmental framework for graft formation and vascular reconnection in Arabidopsis thaliana. Current Biology, 2015; 25(10): 1306–1318.
[45] Ashina M, Satoh S. Molecular and physiological mechanisms regulating tissue reunion in incised plant tissues. Journal of Plant Research, 2015; 128(3): 381–388.
[46] Malcheska F, Ahmad A, Batool S, Muller H M, Ludwig-Muller J, Kreuzwieser J, et al. Drought-enhanced xylem sap sulfate closes stomata by affecting ALMT12 and guard cell ABA synthesis. Plant Physiology, 2017; 74: 798–814.
[47] Grieneisen V A, Jian X, Maree A F M, Hogeweg P, Scheres B. Auxin transport is sufficient to generate a maximum and gradient guiding root growth. Nature, 2007; 449(25): 1008–1013.
[48] Halliday K J, Martinez-Garcia J F, Josse E M. Integration of light and auxin signaling. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology, 2009; 1(6): a001586. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a001586.
[49] Yang J H, Liu C, Niu S H, Li W. Regulatory effect of stem cambium gibberellin on plant growth and development. Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 2019; 41(7): 68–74. (in Chinese)
[50] Bantis, F, Koukounaras A, Siomos A, Menexes G C, Dangitsis C, Kintzonidis D. Assessing quantitative criteria for characterization of quality categories for grafted watermelon seedlings. Horticulturae, 2019; 5: 16. doi: 10.3390/horticulturae5010016.
[51] Xiao W J, Sun J L, Wang S H, Sun H H, Wang H Y, Sui X L, et al. Moderate water stress increased the photosynthesis adaptability of cucumber seedlings under low light. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2010; 37(9): 1439–1448. (in Chinese)
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2022-12-27
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Song, J., Fan, Y., Li, X., Li, Y., Mao, H., Zuo, Z., & Zou, Z. (2022). Effects of daily light integral on tomato (Solanum Lycopersicon L.) grafting and quality in a controlled environment. International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, 15(6), 44–50. Retrieved from https://ijabe.migration.pkpps03.publicknowledgeproject.org/index.php/ijabe/article/view/7409
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