Effects of flow velocity on water quality and ammonia excretion in recirculating aquaculture system culturing juvenile largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides)
Keywords:
flow velocity, recirculating aquaculture system, juvenile largemouth bass, water quality, ammonia excretionAbstract
Flow velocity plays an important role in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) and the growing practice of culturing juvenile largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). In this study, the effects of flow velocity on the water quality as well as the ammonia excretion were discussed from the perspective of actual production, and a polynomial model of ammonia nitrogen excretion was established, using the juvenile largemouth bass. Results showed that the range of ammonia nitrogen and nitrite nitrogen decreased with flow velocity increasing, while the number and volume share of large particles increased. According to the polynomial model, compared with the medium flow velocity (11 cm/s, 2.45 body length (bl)/s), the ammonia excretion of juvenile largemouth bass at high (18 cm/s, 4.00 bl/s), and low (4 cm/s, 0.90 bl/s) flow velocity changed faster with time, and the excretion rate peaked at the 6th hour after feeding, earlier than that under medium flow velocity. Therefore, it is suggested to increase the flow velocity at the 5th hour after feeding and then decreased it at the 10th hour, to ensure better water quality in RAS culturing juvenile largemouth bass. Keywords: flow velocity, recirculating aquaculture system, juvenile largemouth bass, water quality, ammonia excretion DOI: 10.25165/j.ijabe.20221505.7233 Citation: Xiao R G, Wang G X, Chen Z L, Ye Z Y, Zhu S M, Ding X Y, et al. Effects of flow velocity on water quality and ammonia excretion in recirculating aquaculture system culturing juvenile largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2022; 15(5): 213–218.References
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[2] Dong S L. The development of aquaculture in the new era from a multi-dimensional perspective. Journal of Fisheries of China, 2019; 43(1): 105–115. (in Chinese)
[3] Martins C I M, Eding E H, Verdegem M C J, Heinsbroek L T N, Schneider O, Blancheton J P, et al. New developments in recirculating aquaculture systems in Europe: A perspective on environmental sustainability. Aquacultural Engineering, 2010; 43(3): 83–93.
[4] Badiola M, Basurko O C, Piedrahita R, Hundley P, Mendiola D. Energy use in Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS): A review. Aquacultural Engineering, 2018; 81: 57–70.
[5] Han X L, Wang H, Gao J J, Sun Y X, Zhang Y W, Gu X D, et al. Analysis of growth characteristics of largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides in a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS). Fisheries Science, 2020; 39(4): 567–572. (in Chinese)
[6] Xiao R C, Wei Y G, An D, Li D L, Ta X X, Wu Y H, et al. A review on the research status and development trend of equipment in water treatment processes of recirculating aquaculture systems. Reviews in Aquaculture, 2019; 11(3): 863–895.
[7] Van Rijn J. Waste treatment in recirculating aquaculture systems. Aquacultural Engineering, 2013; 53: 49–56.
[8] Dauda A B, Ajadi A, Tola-Fabunmi A S, Akinwole A O. Waste production in aquaculture: Sources, components and managements in different culture systems. Aquaculture and Fisheries, 2019; 4(3): 81–88.
[9] Franco-Nava M-A, Blancheton J-P, Deviller G, Le-Gall J-Y. Particulate matter dynamics and transformations in a recirculating aquaculture system: application of stable isotope tracers in seabass rearing. Aquacultural Engineering, 2004; 31(3-4): 135–155.
[10] Luo G Z, Wu H F, Tan H X. Progress on removing ammonia nitrogen from autotrophic nitrification in recirculating aquaculture system. Freshwater Fisheries, 2019; 49(2): 78–83. (in Chinese)
[11] Ramli N M, Verreth J A J, Yusoff F M, Nurulhuda K, Nagao N, Verdegem MC J. Integration of algae to Improve Nitrogenous Waste Management in Recirculating Aquaculture Systems: A Review. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 2020; 8:1004. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.01004.
[12] Song X F, Yang X H, Huang Z T. Advances in studies on nitrate toxicity to fish. Periodical of Ocean University of China, 2019; 49(9): 34–41. (in Chinese)
[13] Liu M J, Guo H Y, Zhu K C, Liu B S, Liu B, Guo L, et al. Effects of acute ammonia exposure and recovery on the antioxidant response and expression of genes in the Nrf2-Keap1 signaling pathway in the juvenile golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus). Aquatic Toxicology, 2021; 240: 105969. doi: 10.1016/j.quatox.2021.105969.
[14] Cheer A, Cheung S, Hung T C, Piedrahita R H, Sanderson S L. Computational fluid dynamics of fish gill rakers during crossflow filtration. Bull Math Biol., 2012; 74(4): 981–1000.
[15] Bao W J, Zhu S M, Jin G, Ye Z Y. Generation, characterization, perniciousness, removal and reutilization of solids in aquaculture water: A review from the whole process perspective. Reviews in Aquaculture, 2019; 11(4): 1342–1366. doi: 10.1111/raq.12296.
[16] Schumann M, Brinker A. Understanding and managing suspended solids in intensive salmonid aquaculture: A review. Reviews in Aquaculture, 2020; 12(4): 2109–2139.
[17] Chen J, Sun Y Y, Wu J H, Wu Y S, Si H P, Lin K Y, et al. Intelligent control and management system for recirculating aquaculture. In: 2nd IEEE International Conference on Electronics and Communication Engineering (ICECE), 2019; Xi’an: IEEE, 2019; 438–443. doi: 10.1109/ICECE48499.2019.9058567.
[18] Franco-Nava M A, Blancheton J P, Deviller G, Charrier A, Le-Gall J Y. Effect of fish size and hydraulic regime on particulate organic matter dynamics in a recirculating aquaculture system: Elemental carbon and nitrogen approach. Aquaculture, 2004; 239(1-4): 179–198.
[19] Timmons M B, Summerfelt S T, Vinci B J. Review of circular tank technology and management. Aquacultural Engineering, 1998; 18(1): 51–69.
[20] Carvalho R A P L F, Lemos D E L, Tacon A G J. Performance of single-drain and dual-drain tanks in terms of water velocity profile and solids flushing for in vivo digestibility studies in juvenile shrimp. Aquacultural Engineering, 2013; 57: 9–17.
[21] Ernst D H, Bolte J P, Nath S S. AquaFarm: Simulation and decision support for aquaculture facility design and management planning. Aquacultural Engineering, 2000; 23(1): 121–179.
[22] Wik T E I, Lindén B T, Wramner P I. Integrated dynamic aquaculture and wastewater treatment modelling for recirculating aquaculture systems. Aquaculture, 2009; 287(3-4): 361–370.
[23] Davidson J, Summerfelt S. Solids flushing, mixing, and water velocity profiles within large (10 and 150 m3) circular ‘Cornell-type’ dual-drain tanks. Aquacultural Engineering, 2004; 32(1): 245–271.
[24] Chen Z L, Ye Z Y, Ji M D, Zhou F, Ding X Y, Zhu S M, et al. Effects of flow velocity on growth and physiology of juvenile largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) in recirculating aquaculture systems. Aquaculture Research, 2021; 52(7): 3093–3100.
[25] Shen J Z. Study on the regulation of biofilm formation and the optimization of flow rates in marine recirculating aquaculture system. PhD dissertation. Hangzhou: Zhejiang University, 2016; 120p. (in Chinese)
[26] Patwardhan V S, Tien C. Distribution of solid particles in liquid fluidized-bed. Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering. 1984; 62(1): 46–54.
[27] Couturier M, Trofimencoff T, Buil J U, Conroy J. Solids removal at a recirculating salmon-smolt farm. Aquacultural Engineering, 2009; 41(2): 71–77.
[28] Li X, Ji L Q, Wu L L, Gao X L, Li X Q, Li J, et al. Effect of flow velocity on the growth, stress and immune responses of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) in recirculating aquaculture systems. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 2019; 86: 1169–1176.
[29] Ferreira M S, Barroso D d C, Val A L. Use of energetic substrates after feeding in two Amazon Characidae fish: Colossoma macropomum and Brycon amazonicus. Aquaculture Research, 2021; 52(9): 4550–4562.
[30] Lim L S, Tan S Y, Tuzan A D, Kawamura G, Mustafa S, Rahmah S, et al. Diel osmorespiration rhythms of juvenile marble goby (Oxyeleotris marmorata). Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 2020; 46(4): 1621–1629.
[31] Alsop D H, Kieffer J D, Wood C M. The effects of temperature and swimming speed on instantaneous fuel use and nitrogenous waste excretion of the Nile tilapia. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, 1999; 72(4): 474–483.
[32] Shrivastava J, Raskovic B, Blust R, De Boeck G. Exercise improves growth, alters physiological performance and gene expression in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part: A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology, 2018; 226: 38–48.
[33] Skov P V, Lund I, Pargana A M. No evidence for a bioenergetic advantage from forced swimming in rainbow trout under a restrictive feeding regime. Frontiers in Physiology, 2015; 6: 31. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00031.
[34] Kvamme K, Fivelstad S, Handeland S O, Bergheim A. Water flow and diurnal variation in metabolite production rates of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) post-smolt. Aquaculture Research, 2019; 50(1): 323–330.
[35] Davison W. The effects of exercise training on teleost fish, a review of recent literature. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology, 1997; 117(1): 67–75.
[36] Li X M, Zhang Y G, Li X J, Zheng H, Peng J L, Fu S J. Sustained exercise-trained juvenile black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus) at a moderate water velocity exhibit improved aerobic swimming performance and increased postprandial metabolic responses. Biology Open, 2018; 7(2): bio032425. doi: 10.1242/bio.032425.
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2022-11-01
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Xiao, R., Wang, G., Chen, Z., Ye, Z., Zhu, S., Ding, X., … Zhao, J. (2022). Effects of flow velocity on water quality and ammonia excretion in recirculating aquaculture system culturing juvenile largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, 15(5), 213–218. Retrieved from https://ijabe.migration.pkpps03.publicknowledgeproject.org/index.php/ijabe/article/view/7233
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Biosystems, Biological and Ecological Engineering
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