Effects of irrigation and weed-control methods on growth of weed and rice
Keywords:
irrigation, weed control, mulching, hand weeding, RCCI, weed population, agronomy traits, paddy riceAbstract
A field experiment was conducted to study the effects of weeds control methods and an irrigation model on rice growth as well as water consumption and weed quantity in the paddy field. In conventional paddy rice production, one of the most important irrigated crops, a significant amount of irrigation water is lost due to percolation and evaporation. A new irrigation model called the Rain-Catching and Controlled Irrigation (RCCI) model has been developed as a viable water-saving technology in the production of paddy rice. In this study the performance of the RCCI model has been analyzed under mulching, hand weeding and weedy conditions in Jiangsu Province of China. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications and nine treatments. The three replicates consisted of three water management regimes: high dry high flooding (HD-HF), high dry low flooding (HD-LF), and shallow and frequent irrigation (SF) water treatment. The RCCI model was adopted in HD-HF and HD-LF while Flooding Irrigation (CFI) was adopted in SF as a control. The nine treatments were equally divided under mulching, hand weeding and weedy conditions. The lowest and maximum irrigation water delivery was 244.86 mm in mulching and 429.22 mm in hand weeding, respectively at HD-HF. And the lowest and maximum irrigation water delivery was 300.1 mm in the mulching field and 680.72 mm under hand weeding, respectively at HD-LF. The Nanjing 44 rice variety was used. It was observed that weed density and dry weight were significantly influenced by the amount of irrigation water in all the mulching, hand weeding and weedy plots. Considering yield and the number of irrigations, the RCCI model produced better results than CFI. Mulching under RCCI was an effective method to control weeds and reduce labor cost. In addition, mulching decreases the use of herbicides and the risk of pollution. On the other hand, mulching could improve yield and save water. Keywords: irrigation, weed control, mulching, hand weeding, RCCI, weed population, agronomy traits, paddy rice DOI: 10.3965/j.ijabe.20140705.003 Citation: Towa J J, Guo X P. Effects of irrigation and weed-control methods on growth of weed and rice. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2014; 7(5): 22-33.References
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[16] Duppong L M, Tejedor M, Diaz F, Rodrigez C M. The effect of natural mulches on crop performance, weed suppression and biochemical constituents of Catnip and St. Jon’s Wort. Crop Sci. 2004; 44: 861.
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[20] Singh G G and Kumar V. Weed index a new method of reporting weed control trails. Indian J.Agron. 1969; 14: 96–98.
[21] Numata M. Methodological problems in weed ecological research. Proceedings of Indonesian Weed Sci. Soc. Conf. 1971; 1: 41–58.
[22] Steel R G D, Torrie J H, Dickey D. Principles and Procedures of Statistics: A Biometrical Approach. 3rd Ed. McGraw Hill Book Co. Inc. New York, 1997; pp. 172–177.
[23] Lancar L and Krake K. Aquatic weeds & their management. International Commission on irrigation and Drainage. 2002.
[24] Beyrouty C A, Grigg B C, Norman R J and Wells B R. Nutrient uptake by rice in response to water management. J. Plant Nutr., 1994; 17: 39–55
[25] Grigg, B C, Beyrouty C A, Norman R J, Gbur E E, Hanson M G and Wells B R. Rice responses to changes in flood water and N timing in southern USA. Field Crop Res., 2000; 66: 73–79.
[26] Raeini-Sarjaz M, Barthakur N N. Water use efficiency and total dry matter production of bush bean under plastic straw mulches. Agric. For. Meteorol, 1997; 87: 75–84.
[27] Zhao J B, Mei X R, Xue J H. The effect of straw mulch on crop water use efficiency in dry land. Sci. Agric. Sin. 1996; 29 (2): 59–66.
[28] Rudich J, Kalmar D, Geizenberg C, Harel S. Low water tension in defined growth stages of processing tomato plant and their effect on yield and quality. J. Hort. Sci. 1977; 52, 391–399.
[29] Pill W G, Lambeth V N. Effect of soil water regime and nitrogen form on blossom-end rot: yield relations and elemental composition of tomato. J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 1980; 105(5): 730–735.
[30] Albright L D, Wolfe D, Novak S. Modelling row straw mulch effects on microclimate and yield II. J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 1989; 114: 569–578.
[31] Singh O P and Bhandari R K. Relative efficiency of different herbicide in transplanted rice. Indian J. weeds Sci. 1986; 18(1): 57–59.
[32] Singh S P. Efficiency of herbicides in transplanted rice. Ann. Agric Res. 1996; 17 (3):281–285.
[33] Thapa C B and Jha P K. Paddy crop-weed competition in Pokhara, Nepal. Geobios, 2002; 29 (1): 51–54.
[34] Yoshida S. Fundamentals of Rice Crop Science. Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines, International Rice Research Institute. 1981. pp. 269.
[2] Smith R J Jr. Weeds of major economic importance in rice and yield losses due to weed competition. In. Proc. Conf. On Weed Control in Rice. IRRN. 1983; p. 19–36.
[3] Moody K. Weed Management in rice. In. D. Pimental (ed). Handbook of Pest Management in Agric; 2nd ed. CRC Press Inc., Boca Roton, Florida, 1991. pp. 301–328.
[4] Zhang Z P. Weed management in transplanted rice. In. Weed management in rice. Auld and Kim (ed). FAO PI. Prod. And Prot. Paper No. 139 Oxford and IBH Publ. Co. New Dehli 1998; pp. 77.
[5] Economou G O, Tzakou A, Gani A, Yannitsaros A, Bilalis D. Allelopathic effect of Conyza albida on Avena sativa and Spirodela polyrhiz. J. Crop Sci. 2002; 188: 248– 253.
[6] Bhagat R M, Bhuiyan S I, Moody K, Estorninos L E. Effect of water, tillage and herbicides on ecology of weed communities in an intensive wet-seeded rice system. Crop Protect, 1999; 18: 293–303.
[7] Drost D C, Moody K. Effect of butachlor on Echinochloa glubrescensin wet seeded rice (Oryza sativa). Philippines J. Weed Sci. 1982; 9: 57–44.
[8] Anwar M P, Juraimi A S, Azmi M, Adam P, Selamat A, Mahfuza B. Weed suppressive ability of rice (Oryza sativa L.) germplasm under aerobic soil conditions. Aust. J. Crop Sci. 2010; 4(9): 706–717.
[9] Gupta G N. Effects of mulching and fertilizer application on initial development of some tree species. For Ecol. Management, 1991; 44: 221–221.
[10] Bilalis D, Sidiras N, Economou G, Vakali C. Effect of different levels of wheat straw soil surface coverage on weed flora in vicia faba crops. Agron. Crop Sci. 2003; 189: 233–241.
[11] Putman A R, DeFrank J, Barnes J P. Exploitation of allelophaty for weed control in annual and perennial cropping systems. J. Chemistry Ecolog, 1983; 9: 1001–1010.
[12] Blum U L, King T, Gerig M, Lehman M, Wosham A D. Effects of clover and small grain cover crops and tillage techniques on seedling emergence of some dicotyledonous weed species. Amer. J. Alter. Agr. 1997; 12: 146–161.
[13] Sharm P K, Achraja C L. Carry- over of residual soil moisture with mulching and conservation tillage practices for sowing of rainfed wheat (Triticum aestivum) in north-west India. Soil Tillage Res, 2000; 57: 43–52.
[14] Edwards L, Burney J R, Richter G, MacRae A H. Evaluation of compost and straw mulching on soil-loss characteristics in erosion plots of potatoes in Price Edward Insland, Canada. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 2000; 81: 217–222.
[15] Bristow K L. The role of mulch and its architecture in modifying soil temperature. Aust. J. Soil Res. 1988; 26: 269 –280.
[16] Duppong L M, Tejedor M, Diaz F, Rodrigez C M. The effect of natural mulches on crop performance, weed suppression and biochemical constituents of Catnip and St. Jon’s Wort. Crop Sci. 2004; 44: 861.
[17] Mani V S, Gautam K C, Chakraberty T K. Losses in crop yield in India due to weed growth. PANS, 1968; 42:142–158.
[18] Pande H K, Tran D V, That T T. Improved upland rice farming system, FAO, Rome, 1994.
[19] Guo X P, Yuan J, Feng G, Chen Z P. Preliminary research on water-catching and controllable irrigation technology of rice. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. 2009, 25(4): 70–73. (In Chinese with English abstract)
[20] Singh G G and Kumar V. Weed index a new method of reporting weed control trails. Indian J.Agron. 1969; 14: 96–98.
[21] Numata M. Methodological problems in weed ecological research. Proceedings of Indonesian Weed Sci. Soc. Conf. 1971; 1: 41–58.
[22] Steel R G D, Torrie J H, Dickey D. Principles and Procedures of Statistics: A Biometrical Approach. 3rd Ed. McGraw Hill Book Co. Inc. New York, 1997; pp. 172–177.
[23] Lancar L and Krake K. Aquatic weeds & their management. International Commission on irrigation and Drainage. 2002.
[24] Beyrouty C A, Grigg B C, Norman R J and Wells B R. Nutrient uptake by rice in response to water management. J. Plant Nutr., 1994; 17: 39–55
[25] Grigg, B C, Beyrouty C A, Norman R J, Gbur E E, Hanson M G and Wells B R. Rice responses to changes in flood water and N timing in southern USA. Field Crop Res., 2000; 66: 73–79.
[26] Raeini-Sarjaz M, Barthakur N N. Water use efficiency and total dry matter production of bush bean under plastic straw mulches. Agric. For. Meteorol, 1997; 87: 75–84.
[27] Zhao J B, Mei X R, Xue J H. The effect of straw mulch on crop water use efficiency in dry land. Sci. Agric. Sin. 1996; 29 (2): 59–66.
[28] Rudich J, Kalmar D, Geizenberg C, Harel S. Low water tension in defined growth stages of processing tomato plant and their effect on yield and quality. J. Hort. Sci. 1977; 52, 391–399.
[29] Pill W G, Lambeth V N. Effect of soil water regime and nitrogen form on blossom-end rot: yield relations and elemental composition of tomato. J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 1980; 105(5): 730–735.
[30] Albright L D, Wolfe D, Novak S. Modelling row straw mulch effects on microclimate and yield II. J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 1989; 114: 569–578.
[31] Singh O P and Bhandari R K. Relative efficiency of different herbicide in transplanted rice. Indian J. weeds Sci. 1986; 18(1): 57–59.
[32] Singh S P. Efficiency of herbicides in transplanted rice. Ann. Agric Res. 1996; 17 (3):281–285.
[33] Thapa C B and Jha P K. Paddy crop-weed competition in Pokhara, Nepal. Geobios, 2002; 29 (1): 51–54.
[34] Yoshida S. Fundamentals of Rice Crop Science. Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines, International Rice Research Institute. 1981. pp. 269.
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2014-10-30
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Towa, J. J., & Xiangping, G. (2014). Effects of irrigation and weed-control methods on growth of weed and rice. International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, 7(5), 22–33. Retrieved from https://ijabe.migration.pkpps03.publicknowledgeproject.org/index.php/ijabe/article/view/689
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