Effects of condensed distillers solubles and drying temperature on the physico-chemical characteristics of laboratory-prepared wheat distillers grain with solubles

Authors

  • Maria Rosario P. Mosqueda University of Saskatchewan
  • Lope G. Tabil University of Saskatchewan
  • Kasiviswanathan Muthukumarappan South Dakota State University

Keywords:

condensed distillers solubles (CDS), chemical composition, distillers dried grain with solubles (DDGS), physical properties, wheat distillers grain

Abstract

Samples of wheat distillers grain with solubles were prepared at 15%, 30%, and 45% condensed distillers solubles (CDS) and dried under 40C, 80C, and 120C to examine the effects of CDS level and drying temperature on their chemical, physical, flow, compression, thermal, and frictional properties. As CDS level increased, protein and ash contents increased while fat and fiber contents decreased. Fat and acid detergent fiber contents were also markedly affected by drying temperature. While CDS level, drying temperature, and their interaction significantly affected a number of the physical properties, results suggest that CDS level had a stronger influence. Samples with high CDS level, for example, were significantly finer, denser, less flowable, and less dispersible than those with lower CDS. These samples also had significantly higher thermal diffusivity and coefficient of internal friction and produced pellets with higher failure stresses than those with lower CDS. Their pellet density increased with CDS level and was also significantly affected by drying temperature. Further, the samples were classified as fairly flowable and floodable and their compression characteristics were adequately described by the Kawakita-Ludde model.

Author Biographies

Maria Rosario P. Mosqueda, University of Saskatchewan

Ph.D. student, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering

Lope G. Tabil, University of Saskatchewan

Dr. Tabil started at the Department of Agricultural and Bioresource Engineering of the University of Saskatchewan in August 2000. Prior to this position, Dr. Tabil was a Research Engineer with the then Agricultural Value-added Engineering Centre (AVEC) of Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Development from October 1997 to July 2000. Prior to joining AVEC, he worked as a Research Associate for over a year at the Department of Agricultural and Bioresource Engineering of the University of Saskatchewan. He worked on an NSERC-funded project on "Alfalfa Cube Quality Characterization". He was also involved in a project evaluating binders in compressed forages. Dr. Tabil's Ph.D. research was on the "Pelleting and Binding Characteristics of Alfalfa". He has expertise in pelleting of feeds and forage and optimizing the process involved in feed and forage processing, physical properties of agricultural materials and postharvest technology of agricultural crops.

The areas of research in which he works and maintains interest include bioprocess engineering, value-added engineering and postharvest handling of crops. He has also conducted applied research and development projects related to value-added processing of agricultural products including storage, drying and cooling, and physical properties of agricultural and biological materials. For the past few years, he has been working in projects dealing with the utilization of flax straw as fibre reinforcement for biocomposites. He is presently working on bioplastic development from pulse starch, postharvest treatment for red lentil milling, and conversion of lignocellulosic waste into bioproducts, and many others. Dr. Tabil continues to work and have interest in projects such as agricultural waste and processing byproduct utilization and the processing of agricultural materials into industrial products.

Kasiviswanathan Muthukumarappan, South Dakota State University

Professor, Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering

References

[1] University of Saskatchewan. Wheat-based DDGS in western Canada. Available at: http://www.ddgs.usask.ca/ GeneralInfo.aspx. Accessed on [2011-01-12].
[2] Nuez-Ortin W G. Variation and availability of nutrients in co-products from bio-ethanol production fed to ruminants. MSc Thesis. Saskatoon, SK: Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, 2010, 126p.
[3] Ganesan V, Muthukumarrapan K, Rosentrater K A. Effect of moisture content and soluble level on the physical, chemical, and flow properties of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS). Cereal Chemistry, 2008; 85(4): 464-470.
[4] Ganesan V, Muthukumarappan K, Rosentrater K A. Flow properties of DDGS with varying soluble and moisture contents using jenike shear testing. Powder Technology, 2008; 187: 130-137.
[5] Bhadra R, Muthukumurappan K, Rosentrater K A. Effect of varying CDS levels and drying and cooling temperatures on flowability properties of DDGS. St. Joseph, MI: ASABE, 2009, Paper No. 1008604.
[6] Bhadra R, Rosentrater K A, Muthukumurappan K. Effect of varying CDS, drying and cooling temperature on glass transition temperature of DDGS. St. Joseph, MI: ASABE, 2009, Paper No. 1008603.
[7] Bhadra R, Muthukumurappan K, Rosentrater K A. Drying kinetics of distillers wet grains (DWG) using varying condensed distillers solubles (CDS) and temperature levels. Cereal Chemistry, 2011; 88(5): 451-458.
[8] Bhadra R, Muthukumarappan K, Rosentrater K A. Effects of CDS and drying temperature levels on the flowability of DDGS. Drying Technology, 2012; 20(5): 542-558.
[9] Kingsly A R P, Ileleji K E, Clementson C L, Garcia A, Maier D E, Stroshine R L, et al. The effect of process variables during drying on the physical and chemical characteristics of corn dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) – Plant scale experiments. Bioresource Technology, 2010; 101: 193-199.
[10] Clementson C L, Ileleji K E. Particle heterogeneity of corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS). Bioresource Technology, 2012; 107: 213-221.
[11] Ojowi M O, Christensen D A, McKinnon J J, Mustafa A F. Thin stillage from wheat-based ethanol production as a nutrient supplement for cattle grazing crested wheat grass pastures. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 1996; 76: 547-553.
[12] Ojowi M O, McKinnon J J, Mustafa A F, Christensen D A. Evaluation of wheat-based wet distillers grain for feedlot cattle. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 1997; 77: 447-454.
[13] Cao Z J, Anderson J L, Kalscheur K F. Ruminal
degradation and intestinal digestibility of dried or wet distillers grain with increasing concentration of condensed distillers solubles. Journal of Animal Science, 2009; 87(9): 3013-3019.
[14] Kim Y, Mosier N S, Hendrickson R, Ezeji T, Blaschek H, Cotta M, et al. Composition of corn dry-grind ethanol by-products: DDGS, wet cake, and thin stillage. Bioresource Technology, 2008; 99: 5165-5176.
[15] Fron M, Madeira H, Richads C, Morrison M. Impact of feeding condensed distillers byproducts on rumen microbiology and metabolism. Animal Feed Science Technology, 1996; 61: 235-245.
[16] Mustafa A F, McKinnon J J, Christensen D A. Chemical characteristics and in vitro crude protein degradability of thin stillage derived from barley- and wheat-based ethanol production. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 1999; 80: 247-256.
[17] Pedersen C, Lindberg J E. Ileal and total tract nutrient digestibility of in wheat wet distillers solubles and wheat dried distillers grains with solubles when fed to growing pigs. Livestock Science, 2010; 132: 145-151.
[18] Kashaninejad M, Tabil L G. Drying characteristics of purslane (Portulaca oleraceae L.). Drying Technology, 2004; 22(9): 2183-2200.
[19] Kashaninejad M, Mortazavi A, Safekordi A, Tabil L G. Thin-layer drying characteristics and modeling of pistachio nuts. Journal of Food Engineering, 2007; 78: 98-108.
[20] Mosqueda M R, Tabil L G, Christensen C. Effect of drying conditions and level of condensed distillers solubles on protein quality of wheat distillers dried grain with solubles. Drying Technology, 2013; 31(7), Doi: 10.1080/07373937.2013.765446.
[21] Association of Official Agricultural Chemists (AOAC). AOAC Official Method 930.15 Loss on Drying (Moisture) for Feeds. Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International 17th edition. Washington, D.C: AOAC. 2003.
[22] AOAC. AOAC Official Method 984.13 Protein (Crude) in Animal Feed and Pet Food Copper Catalyst Kjeldahl Method. Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International 17th edition. Washington, D.C: AOAC. 2003.
[23] AOAC. AOAC Official Method 920.39 Fat (Crude) or Ether Extract in Animal Feed. Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International 17th edition. Washington, D.C: AOAC. 2003.
[24] AOAC. AOAC Official Method 942.05 Ash in Animal Feed. Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International 17th edition. Washington, D.C: AOAC. 2003.
[25] AOAC. AOAC Official Method 973.18 Fiber (Acid Detergent) and Lignin (H2S04) in Animal Feed. Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International 17th edition.
Washington, D.C: AOAC. 2003.
[26] Van Soest P J, Robertson J B, Lewis B A. Methods of dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber and non-starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science, 1991, 74(10): 3583-3597.
[27] ASAE. 2008. ANSI/ASAE S319.4 - Method of determining and expressing fineness of feed materials by sieving. ASABE Standards. St. Joseph, MI: ASABE.
[28] Carr Jr. R L. Evaluating flow properties of solids. Chemical Engineering, 1965; 72:163-168.
[29] Hokosawa Micron Corp. Hosokawa Micron Powder Tester PT-R. Available at: http://www.hmicronpowder.com/literature/PTRTESTER.PDF. Accessed on [2011-7-15].
[30] Mani S, Tabil L G, Sokhansanj S. Mechanical properties of corn stover grind. Transactions of the ASAE, 2004; 47(6): 1983-1990.
[31] Emami S, Tabil L G. Friction and compression
characteristics of chickpea flour and components. Powder Technology, 2008; 182: 119-126.
[32] Peleg M, Mannheim C H, Passy N. Flow properties of some powders. Journal of Food Science, 1973; 36(6): 959-964.
[33] Perry T W, Cullison A E, Lowrey R S. Feeds and Feeding. 6th edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2003.
[34] Thomas M, van der Poel A F B. Physical quality of pelleted animal feed: 1. criteria for pellet quality. Animal Feed Science Technology, 1996: 61: 89-112.
[35] Kostaropoulos A E, Saravacod G D. Thermal diffusivity of granular and porous foods at low moisture content. Journal of Food Engineering, 1997; 33: 101-109.
[36] Teunou E, Fitspatrick J J, Synnott E C. Characterisation of food powder flowability. Journal of Food Engineering, 1999; 39: 31-37.
[37] Nowak D, Lewicki P P. Quality of infrared dried apple slices. Drying Technology 2005; 23(4): 831-846.

Downloads

Published

2013-06-18

How to Cite

Mosqueda, M. R. P., Tabil, L. G., & Muthukumarappan, K. (2013). Effects of condensed distillers solubles and drying temperature on the physico-chemical characteristics of laboratory-prepared wheat distillers grain with solubles. International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, 6(2), 73–86. Retrieved from https://ijabe.migration.pkpps03.publicknowledgeproject.org/index.php/ijabe/article/view/675

Issue

Vol. 6 No. 2 (2013): IJABE

Section

Agro-product and Food Processing Systems

License

IJABE is an international peer reviewed open access journal, adopting Creative Commons Copyright Notices as follows.


Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:


  1. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.

  2. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.

  3. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).