Design and experiment of bionic stubble breaking-deep loosening combined tillage machine
Keywords:
bionics, stubble breaking, deep loosening, combined tillage machineAbstract
Under the conditions of straw returning operation, there are three major technical bottlenecks in the Phaeozem region of northeast China, namely low stubble breaking rate, poor tillage depth consistency and high fuel consumption. In this research, a bionic stubble-deep loosening combined tillage machine (BSD) was designed through bionic prototype analysis, coupled bionic analysis, coupled bionic design, theoretical analysis and application of intelligent control techniques. It consists of a bionic stubble breaking device and a bionic self-excited vibratory deep loosening device. Based on the unique biting pattern of locust mouthparts on maize rootstocks, the bionic stubble breaking device adopted a new multi-segment serrated bionic structure and a symmetrical rotational motion, which could significantly increase the stubble breaking rate (p<0.05) and reduce the resistance to stubble breaking operations (p<0.05). Based on the unique biology of the hare's paws, toes and nails, the bionic self-excited vibration deep loosening device adopted a new series-parallel composite bionic elastic system and an intelligent tilling depth control system with a fuzzy algorithm, which significantly improved the tilling depth consistency (p<0.05). The operational performance of the BSD was verified at different operating speeds through comparative experiments and reveals the mechanism of its excellent performance through theoretical analysis. The final experiment results showed that, at the same operating speed, the BSD improved the stubble breaking rate by 9.62% and 10.67%, reduced the stubble breaking torque by 28 N·m and 33 N·m, reduced the tillage depth coefficient of variation by 12.73% and 13.48%, and reduced the specific fuel consumption by 36 g/km·h and 40 g/km·h compared to the two most common models. The operating performance of the three kinds of machines will decrease with the increase of operating speed, and the BSD has the least decrease. Keywords: bionics, stubble breaking, deep loosening, combined tillage machine DOI: 10.25165/j.ijabe.20211404.6473 Citation: Zhao J L, Lu Y, Guo M Z, Fu J, Wang Y J. Design and experiment of bionic stubble breaking-deep loosening combined tillage machine. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2021; 14(4): 123–134.References
[1] Gao W S. Development trends and basic principles of conservation tillage. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2007; 40(12): 2702–2708.
[2] Liang Z, Wu W, Wei Y, Hu K. Effects of straw return and regional factors on spatio-temporal variability of soil organic matter in a high-yielding area of northern China. Soil & Tillage Research, 2015; 145: 78–86.
[3] Zhao S C, Li K J, Zhou W, Qiu S J, Huang S W, He P. Changes in soil microbial community, enzyme activities and organic matter fractions under long-term straw return in north-central China. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 2016; 216: 82–88.
[4] Horning L B, Strtler L D, Saxton K E. Surface residue and soil toughness for wind erosion protection. Transactions of the ASAE, 1998; 41(4): 1061–1065.
[5] Dong H F, Li H, Li A J, Yan X G, Zhao C M. Relations between delayed sowing date and growth effective accumulated temperature of maize. Maize Science, 2012; 20(5): 97–101.
[6] Issaka F, Zhang Z, Zhao Z Q, Asenso E, Li J H, Li Y T. Sustainable conservation tillage improves soil nutrients and reduces nitrogen and phosphorous losses in maize farmland in Southern China. Sustainability, 2019; 11(8): 2397. doi: 10.3390/su11082397.
[7] Qiu H G, Zhang S H, Yang J, Jing Y. Development of China's maize industry challenges in the future and policy suggestions. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 2013; 1: 20–24.
[8] Karayel D. Performance of a modified precision vacuum seeder for no-till sowing of maize and soybean. Soil & Tillage Research, 2009; 104(1): 121–125.
[9] Zhang B Y, Chen T L, Wang B. Effects of long-term uses of chemical fertilizers on soil quality. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2010; 26(11): 182–187.
[10] Magiera T, Zawadzki J. Using of high-resolution topsoil magnetic screening for assessment of dust deposition: comparison of forest and arable soil datasets. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2007; 125(1-3): 19–28.
[11] Lobell D B, Asner G P. Climate and management contributions to recent trends in US agricultural yields. Science, 2003; 299(5609): 1032–1032
[12] He J, Li H W, Chen H T, Lu C Y, Wang Q J. Research progress of conservation tillage technology and machine. Transactions of the CSAM, 2018; 49(4): 1–19. (in Chinese)
[13] Li J W, Jiang X H, Ma Y H, Tong J, Hu B. Bionic design of a potato digging shovel with drag reduction based on the discrete element method (DEM) in clay soil. Appl. Sci., 2020; 10(20): 7096. doi: 10.3390/ app10207096.
[14] Shi L R, Sun W, Wang D, Zhao W Y, Liu Q W, Zhang H, et al. Design and simulation research on the potato bionic digging shovel. Agric. Res. Arid Areas, 2014; 32: 268–272. (in Chinese)
[15] Shahgolia G, Fielkeb J, Saundersb C, Desbiollesb J. Simulation of the dynamic behavior of a tractor-oscillating subsoiler system. Biosyst. Eng. 2010; 106: 147–155.
[16] Ren L Q, Tong J, Li J Q. Soil adhesion and biomimetics of soil-engaging components: a review. J. Agric. Eng. Res., 2001; 79: 239–263.
[17] Fountaine E R. Investigations into the mechanism of soil adhesion. Eur. J. Soil Sci., 1954; 5: 251–263.
[18] Yang X D, Ren L Q. Types and mechanisms of shape drag reduction. Transactions of the CSAM, 2003; 34(1): 130–132. (in Chinese)
[19] Dou Z L, Wang J, Chen D. Bionic research on fish scales for drag reduction. Journal of Bionic Engineering, 2012; 9(4): 457–464.
[20] Han Z W, Mu Z Z, Yin W, Li W, Niu S C, Zhang J Q, et al. Biomimetic multifunctional surfaces inspired from animals. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 2016; 234: 27–50.
[21] Qaisrani A R, Chen B C, Ren L Q. Modified and unsmoothed plow surfaces: A means to reduce plowing resistance. Agricultural Engineering of Journal, 1992; 1(3): 115–124.
[22] Tong J, Ren L Q, Chen B C. Geometrical morphology, chemical constitution and wettability of body surfaces of soil animals. International Agricultural Engineering Journal, 1994; 3(1): 59–68.
[23] Zhao J L, Guo M Z, Lu Y, Huang D Y, Zhuang J. Design of bionic locust mouthparts stubble cutting device. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2020; 13(1): 20–28.
[24] Lin Y M, Feng Z M, Wu W X, Yang Y Z, Zhou Y, Xu C C. Potential impacts of climate change and adaptation on maize in northeast China. Agronomy Journal, 2017; 109(4): 1476–1490.
[25] Wegner B R, Osborne S L, Lehman R M, Kumar S. Seven-year impact of cover crops on soil health when corn residue is removed. BioEnergy Research, 2018; 11(2): 239–248.
[26] Liu T H, Liang Z H, Guo J D. Experimental comparison of litchi fruit stalk cutting force. Applied Engineering in Agriculture, 2012; 28(2): 297–302.
[27] Ren L Q, Liang Y H. Biological couplings: Classification and characteristic rules. Science in China Series E: Technological Sciences, 2009; 52(10): 2791–2800.
[28] Maughan J D, Mathanker S K, Fehrenbacher B M, Hansen A C. Impact of cutting speed and blade configuration on energy requirement for Miscanthus harvesting. Applied Engineering in Agriculture, 2014; 30(2): 137–142.
[29] Ma Y H, Wu S Y, Zhuang J, Tong J, Xiao Y, Qi H Y. The evaluation of physio-mechanical and tribological characterization of friction composites reinforced by waste corn stalk. Materials, 2018; 11(6): 901. doi: 10.3390/ ma11060901.
[30] Kang M S, Din A K, Zhang Y, Magari R. Combining ability for rind puncture resistance in maize. Crop Science, 1999; 39(2): 368–371.
[31] Thompson B C, Murray E, Wallace G G. Graphite oxide to graphene. Biomaterials to bionics. Advanced Materials, 2015; 27: 7563–7582.
[32] Zeng Z, Chen Y, Zhang X. Modelling the interaction of a deep tillage tool with heterogeneous soil. Comput. Electron. Agric., 2017; 143: 130–138.
[33] Ucgul M, Saunders C, Fielke J M. Discrete element modelling of top soil burial using a full scale mouldboard plough under field conditions. Biosyst. Eng., 2017; 160: 140–153.
[34] Sun J Y, Wang Y M, Ma Y H, Tong J, Zhang Z J. DEM simulation of bionic subsoilers (tillage depth >40 cm) with drag reduction and lower soil disturbance characteristics. Adv. Eng. Softw., 2018; 119: 30–37.
[35] Ucgul M, Fielke J M, Saunders C. Defining the effect of sweep tillage tool cutting edge geometry on tillage forces using 3D discrete element modeling. Inf. Process Agric., 2015; 2: 130–141.
[36] Du J M, Chen L A, Mak C-W. Energy consumption characteristics of reciprocating motion mechanism and energy saving control method after adding air spring. Machine Tools and Hydraulics, 2016; 44(7): 53–57.
[37] Wang X L, Hu H, Wang Q J, Li H W, He J, Chen W Z. Calibration method of soil contact characteristic parameters based on DEM theory. Transactions of the CSAM, 2017; 48(12): 78–85. (in Chinese)
[38] Johnson K L, Kendall K, Roberts A D. Surface energy and the contact of elastic solids. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A, 1971: 324(1558): 301–313.
[39] Li J, Tong J, Hu B, Wang H, Mao C, Ma Y. Calibration of parameters of interaction between clayey black soil with different moisture content and soil-engaging component in northeast China. Transactions of the CSAE, 2019; 35(6): 130–140. (in Chinese)
[40] Wu T, Huang W F, Chen X S, Ma X, Han Z Q, Pan T. Calibration of discrete element model parameters for cohesive soil considering the cohesion between particles. J. South China Agric. Univ., 2017; 38: 93–98. (in Chinese)
[2] Liang Z, Wu W, Wei Y, Hu K. Effects of straw return and regional factors on spatio-temporal variability of soil organic matter in a high-yielding area of northern China. Soil & Tillage Research, 2015; 145: 78–86.
[3] Zhao S C, Li K J, Zhou W, Qiu S J, Huang S W, He P. Changes in soil microbial community, enzyme activities and organic matter fractions under long-term straw return in north-central China. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 2016; 216: 82–88.
[4] Horning L B, Strtler L D, Saxton K E. Surface residue and soil toughness for wind erosion protection. Transactions of the ASAE, 1998; 41(4): 1061–1065.
[5] Dong H F, Li H, Li A J, Yan X G, Zhao C M. Relations between delayed sowing date and growth effective accumulated temperature of maize. Maize Science, 2012; 20(5): 97–101.
[6] Issaka F, Zhang Z, Zhao Z Q, Asenso E, Li J H, Li Y T. Sustainable conservation tillage improves soil nutrients and reduces nitrogen and phosphorous losses in maize farmland in Southern China. Sustainability, 2019; 11(8): 2397. doi: 10.3390/su11082397.
[7] Qiu H G, Zhang S H, Yang J, Jing Y. Development of China's maize industry challenges in the future and policy suggestions. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 2013; 1: 20–24.
[8] Karayel D. Performance of a modified precision vacuum seeder for no-till sowing of maize and soybean. Soil & Tillage Research, 2009; 104(1): 121–125.
[9] Zhang B Y, Chen T L, Wang B. Effects of long-term uses of chemical fertilizers on soil quality. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2010; 26(11): 182–187.
[10] Magiera T, Zawadzki J. Using of high-resolution topsoil magnetic screening for assessment of dust deposition: comparison of forest and arable soil datasets. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2007; 125(1-3): 19–28.
[11] Lobell D B, Asner G P. Climate and management contributions to recent trends in US agricultural yields. Science, 2003; 299(5609): 1032–1032
[12] He J, Li H W, Chen H T, Lu C Y, Wang Q J. Research progress of conservation tillage technology and machine. Transactions of the CSAM, 2018; 49(4): 1–19. (in Chinese)
[13] Li J W, Jiang X H, Ma Y H, Tong J, Hu B. Bionic design of a potato digging shovel with drag reduction based on the discrete element method (DEM) in clay soil. Appl. Sci., 2020; 10(20): 7096. doi: 10.3390/ app10207096.
[14] Shi L R, Sun W, Wang D, Zhao W Y, Liu Q W, Zhang H, et al. Design and simulation research on the potato bionic digging shovel. Agric. Res. Arid Areas, 2014; 32: 268–272. (in Chinese)
[15] Shahgolia G, Fielkeb J, Saundersb C, Desbiollesb J. Simulation of the dynamic behavior of a tractor-oscillating subsoiler system. Biosyst. Eng. 2010; 106: 147–155.
[16] Ren L Q, Tong J, Li J Q. Soil adhesion and biomimetics of soil-engaging components: a review. J. Agric. Eng. Res., 2001; 79: 239–263.
[17] Fountaine E R. Investigations into the mechanism of soil adhesion. Eur. J. Soil Sci., 1954; 5: 251–263.
[18] Yang X D, Ren L Q. Types and mechanisms of shape drag reduction. Transactions of the CSAM, 2003; 34(1): 130–132. (in Chinese)
[19] Dou Z L, Wang J, Chen D. Bionic research on fish scales for drag reduction. Journal of Bionic Engineering, 2012; 9(4): 457–464.
[20] Han Z W, Mu Z Z, Yin W, Li W, Niu S C, Zhang J Q, et al. Biomimetic multifunctional surfaces inspired from animals. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 2016; 234: 27–50.
[21] Qaisrani A R, Chen B C, Ren L Q. Modified and unsmoothed plow surfaces: A means to reduce plowing resistance. Agricultural Engineering of Journal, 1992; 1(3): 115–124.
[22] Tong J, Ren L Q, Chen B C. Geometrical morphology, chemical constitution and wettability of body surfaces of soil animals. International Agricultural Engineering Journal, 1994; 3(1): 59–68.
[23] Zhao J L, Guo M Z, Lu Y, Huang D Y, Zhuang J. Design of bionic locust mouthparts stubble cutting device. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2020; 13(1): 20–28.
[24] Lin Y M, Feng Z M, Wu W X, Yang Y Z, Zhou Y, Xu C C. Potential impacts of climate change and adaptation on maize in northeast China. Agronomy Journal, 2017; 109(4): 1476–1490.
[25] Wegner B R, Osborne S L, Lehman R M, Kumar S. Seven-year impact of cover crops on soil health when corn residue is removed. BioEnergy Research, 2018; 11(2): 239–248.
[26] Liu T H, Liang Z H, Guo J D. Experimental comparison of litchi fruit stalk cutting force. Applied Engineering in Agriculture, 2012; 28(2): 297–302.
[27] Ren L Q, Liang Y H. Biological couplings: Classification and characteristic rules. Science in China Series E: Technological Sciences, 2009; 52(10): 2791–2800.
[28] Maughan J D, Mathanker S K, Fehrenbacher B M, Hansen A C. Impact of cutting speed and blade configuration on energy requirement for Miscanthus harvesting. Applied Engineering in Agriculture, 2014; 30(2): 137–142.
[29] Ma Y H, Wu S Y, Zhuang J, Tong J, Xiao Y, Qi H Y. The evaluation of physio-mechanical and tribological characterization of friction composites reinforced by waste corn stalk. Materials, 2018; 11(6): 901. doi: 10.3390/ ma11060901.
[30] Kang M S, Din A K, Zhang Y, Magari R. Combining ability for rind puncture resistance in maize. Crop Science, 1999; 39(2): 368–371.
[31] Thompson B C, Murray E, Wallace G G. Graphite oxide to graphene. Biomaterials to bionics. Advanced Materials, 2015; 27: 7563–7582.
[32] Zeng Z, Chen Y, Zhang X. Modelling the interaction of a deep tillage tool with heterogeneous soil. Comput. Electron. Agric., 2017; 143: 130–138.
[33] Ucgul M, Saunders C, Fielke J M. Discrete element modelling of top soil burial using a full scale mouldboard plough under field conditions. Biosyst. Eng., 2017; 160: 140–153.
[34] Sun J Y, Wang Y M, Ma Y H, Tong J, Zhang Z J. DEM simulation of bionic subsoilers (tillage depth >40 cm) with drag reduction and lower soil disturbance characteristics. Adv. Eng. Softw., 2018; 119: 30–37.
[35] Ucgul M, Fielke J M, Saunders C. Defining the effect of sweep tillage tool cutting edge geometry on tillage forces using 3D discrete element modeling. Inf. Process Agric., 2015; 2: 130–141.
[36] Du J M, Chen L A, Mak C-W. Energy consumption characteristics of reciprocating motion mechanism and energy saving control method after adding air spring. Machine Tools and Hydraulics, 2016; 44(7): 53–57.
[37] Wang X L, Hu H, Wang Q J, Li H W, He J, Chen W Z. Calibration method of soil contact characteristic parameters based on DEM theory. Transactions of the CSAM, 2017; 48(12): 78–85. (in Chinese)
[38] Johnson K L, Kendall K, Roberts A D. Surface energy and the contact of elastic solids. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A, 1971: 324(1558): 301–313.
[39] Li J, Tong J, Hu B, Wang H, Mao C, Ma Y. Calibration of parameters of interaction between clayey black soil with different moisture content and soil-engaging component in northeast China. Transactions of the CSAE, 2019; 35(6): 130–140. (in Chinese)
[40] Wu T, Huang W F, Chen X S, Ma X, Han Z Q, Pan T. Calibration of discrete element model parameters for cohesive soil considering the cohesion between particles. J. South China Agric. Univ., 2017; 38: 93–98. (in Chinese)
Downloads
Published
2021-07-31
How to Cite
Zhao, J., Lu, Y., Guo, M., Fu, J., & Wang, Y. (2021). Design and experiment of bionic stubble breaking-deep loosening combined tillage machine. International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, 14(4), 123–134. Retrieved from https://ijabe.migration.pkpps03.publicknowledgeproject.org/index.php/ijabe/article/view/6473
Issue
Section
Power and Machinery Systems
License
IJABE is an international peer reviewed open access journal, adopting Creative Commons Copyright Notices as follows.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
