Method for measuring rice grain internal damage degree undergoing threshing force
Keywords:
threshing process, internal damage of grain, threshing force of roller, plastic deformation, critical impact forceAbstract
During the threshing process of rice, the grains fall off the head of the rice ear due to the impact of the threshing bar. At the same time, the impact force of the threshing element causes a certain degree of damage to the grain. However, there are relatively few methods to analyze the internal damage of rice grains during the threshing process. In this study, the connection force between rice grains and stalks and the compressive bearing capacity of the grains were tested on a push-pull test machine, and then the critical impact force and velocity of rice grains during plastic deformation and brittle fracture were obtained by Hertz theory. On this basis, the quantitative evaluation model of grain internal damage was established through the extraction and calculation of the damaged area inside the grain, and the damage degrees inside the grain under different loading times and loading forces were analyzed. The results showed that the average threshing force required for rice grains is 1.57 N (variance is 0.0529), and the critical impact forces for plastic deformation and brittle fracture of the grains during threshing are 138.79 N and 145.77 N. Since the threshing force during the threshing process was 43.9-71.9 N, it could be known from the internal damage model that the grain is in the safe loading area. Under the same load, the vertical pressure causes the most damage, the lateral pressure takes second place, and the positive pressure was the least. The results of this study can provide a basis for the development of combine harvester and rice grains damage evaluation. Keywords: threshing process, internal damage of grain, threshing force of roller, plastic deformation, critical impact force DOI: 10.25165/j.ijabe.20211401.5750 Citation: Ren H, Tang Z, Li X Y, Li Y, Liu X, Zhang B, Li Y M. Method for measuring rice grain internal damage degree undergoing threshing force. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2021; 14(1): 63–73.References
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[31] Wang G, Guan Z H, Mu S L, Tang Q, Wu C Y. Optimization of operating parameter and structure for seed thresher device for rape combine harvester. Transactions of the CSAE, 2017; 33(24): 52–57. (in Chinese)
[32] Xu L, Li Y M. Analysis on the critical speed of impact damage of rice grains. Transactions of the CSAM, 2009; 40(8): 54–57. (in Chinese)
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[34] Huang D M, Zhou S X, Litak G. Analytical analysis of the vibrational tristable energy harvester with a RL resonant circuit. Nonlinear Dynamics, 2019; 97(7): 663–677.
[35] Tang Z, Wang M L, Zhang H T, Zhou Y P, Yu Y. Variation and modal characteristic of tangential threshing cylinder undergoing threshing dynamics. Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 2020; 2020(12): 1–15.
[2] Tang Z, Li Y, Zhang B, Wang M L, Li Y M. Controlling rice leaf breaking force by temperature and moisture content to reduce breakage. Agronomy, 2020; 10(5): 628. doi: 10.3390/agronomy10050628.
[3] Li L H, Zhang Y. Advantages, challenges and internationalization strategies of hybrid rice in China. China Rice, 2019; 25(4): 1–4. (in Chinese)
[4] Fu J, Chen Z, Han L J, Ren L Q. Review of grain threshing theory and technology. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2018; 11(3): 12–20.
[5] Sun J, Yang Z M, Guo Y M, Cui Q L, Wu X H, Zhang Y Q. Compression mechanical properties and crack formation law of millet grain. Transactions of the CSAE, 2017; 33(18): 306–314. (in Chinese)
[6] Yang Z M, Sun J X, Guo Y M. Effect of moisture content on compression mechanical properties and frictional characteristics of millet grain. Transactions of the CSAE, 2015; 31(23): 253–260. (in Chinese)
[7] Chen Z, Xu Y, Shivkumar S. Microstructure and tensile properties of various varieties of rice husk. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 2018; 98(3): 1061–1070.
[8] Liang Z W, Li Y M, Xu L Z, Zhao Z. Sensor for monitoring rice grain sieve losses in combine harvesters. Biosystems Engineering, 2016, 147(1): 51–66.
[9] Wang B. Study on mechanism of maize threshing damage and grain harvesting and threshing device. Master dissertation. Hangzhou: Zhejiang University, 2019; 98p. (in Chinese)
[10] Tang Z, Li Y, Li X Y, Xu T B. Structural damage modes for rice stalks undergoing threshing. Biosystems Engineering, 2019; 186(2): 323–336.
[11] Kumar A, Kumar A, Khan K, Kumar D. Performance evaluation of harvesting and threshing methods for wheat crop. International Journal of Pure and Applied Bioscience, 2017; 5(2): 604–611.
[12] Pužauskas E, Steponavičius D, Jotautienė E, Petkevičius S, Kemzūraitė A. Substantiation of concave crossbar shape for corn ear threshing. Mechanics, 2016; 22(6): 553–561.
[13] Xu L, Chen S R, Zhou J, Tang M M, Chen A Y. Experimental study on rice threshing and its influencing factors based on Hege16. Agricultural Mechanization Research, 2019; 41(07): 178–182. (in Chinese)
[14] Wang Z M, Lyu P M, Chen N, Ma G. Study on distribution spectrum of grain connection force and differential-speed threshing device for combine harvester. Journal of Zhejiang University, 2017; 43(1): 120–127. (in Chinese)
[15] Buerano J, Zalameda J, Ruiz R S. Microphone system optimization for free fall impact acoustic method in detection of rice kernel damage. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 2012; 85(1): 1–3.
[16] Hasseldine B P J, Gao C, Collins J M, Jung H D, Jang T S, Song J H, et al. Mechanical response of common millet (Panicum miliaceum) seeds under quasi-static compression: experiments and modeling. Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, 2017; 73(2): 102–113.
[17] Teng J Y, Tang J X, Zhang Y N, Li X Y. CT experimental study on the damage characteristics of anchored layered rocks. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, 2018; 22(9): 3653–3662.
[18] Yang S Q. Fracturing mechanism of compressed hollow-cylinder sandstone evaluated by X-ray micro-CT scanning. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, 2018; 51(7): 2033–2053.
[19] Du Z, Hu Y G, Buttar N A, Mahmood A. X-ray computed tomography for quality inspection of agricultural products: A review. Food Science & Nutrition, 2019; 7(10): 3146–3160.
[20] Cantre D, East A, Verboven P, et al. Microstructural characterisation of commercial kiwifruit cultivars using X-ray micro computed tomography. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 2014; 92(4): 79–86.
[21] Ambaw A, Arendse E, Du Plessis A, Opara U L. Analysis of the 3D microstructure of pomegranate peel tissue using X-ray micro-CT. Acta Horticulturae, 2018; 1201(1): 197–204.
[22] Prawiranto K, Defraeye T, Derome D, Bühlmann A, Hartmann S, Verboven P, et al. Impact of drying methods on the changes of fruit microstructure unveiled by X-ray micro-computed tomography. RSC Advances, 2019; 9(19): 10606–10624.
[23] Ou J S, Liu D W, Li X, Ren S G, Xie F P. The research of connecting force of high-yielding rice-case in Hunan Province. Journal of Shanxi Agricultural University (Natural Science Edition), 2016; 36(6): 433–438.
[24] Qu Z. Study on low-damage combined corn threshing separation device. PhD dissertation. Beijing: China Agricultural University, 2018; 119p. (in Chinese)
[25] Rodrigues G, Weber H, Driemeier L. Elastic and plastic collision comparison using finite element method. International Journal of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, 2019; 13(5): 354–358.
[26] Ma X Y, Lei D T. Experimental study on mechanical properties of soybean seeds. Transactions of the CSAM, 1988; 12(3): 69–75. (in Chinese)
[27] Ojolo J S, Eweina B A. Predicting cashew nut cracking using hertz theory of contact stress. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences, 2019; 18(2): 157–167.
[28] Wu J, Zhang H, Li F. A study on drying models and internal stresses of the rice kernel during infrared drying. Drying Technology, 2017; 35(6): 680–688.
[29] Chen S R, Xu L, Yin J J, Tang M M. Quantitative characterization of grain internal damage and 3D reconstruction based on Micro-CT image processing. Transactions of the CSAE, 2017, 33(17): 144–151. (in Chinese)
[30] De-Deus G, Belladonna F G, Silva E J N L, Souza E M, de Azevedo Carvalhal J, Perez R, et al. Micro-CT assessment of dentinal micro-cracks after root canal filling procedures. International Endodontic Journal, 2017; 50(9): 895–901.
[31] Wang G, Guan Z H, Mu S L, Tang Q, Wu C Y. Optimization of operating parameter and structure for seed thresher device for rape combine harvester. Transactions of the CSAE, 2017; 33(24): 52–57. (in Chinese)
[32] Xu L, Li Y M. Analysis on the critical speed of impact damage of rice grains. Transactions of the CSAM, 2009; 40(8): 54–57. (in Chinese)
[33] Jain S, Shukla S, Wadhvani R. Dynamic selection of normalization techniques using data complexity measures. Expert Systems with Applications, 2018; 106(4): 252–262.
[34] Huang D M, Zhou S X, Litak G. Analytical analysis of the vibrational tristable energy harvester with a RL resonant circuit. Nonlinear Dynamics, 2019; 97(7): 663–677.
[35] Tang Z, Wang M L, Zhang H T, Zhou Y P, Yu Y. Variation and modal characteristic of tangential threshing cylinder undergoing threshing dynamics. Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 2020; 2020(12): 1–15.
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Published
2021-02-10
How to Cite
Ren, H., Tang, Z., Li, X., Li, Y., Liu, X., Zhang, B., & Li, Y. (2021). Method for measuring rice grain internal damage degree undergoing threshing force. International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, 14(1), 63–73. Retrieved from https://ijabe.migration.pkpps03.publicknowledgeproject.org/index.php/ijabe/article/view/5750
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Applied Science, Engineering and Technology
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