Compression and shearing force on kernel rupture in shelling fresh lotus seeds
Keywords:
shelling fresh lotus seeds, mechanical properties, shearing, compression, kernel ruptureAbstract
The mechanical properties of fresh lotus seeds are still poorly understood, which complicates the design of mechanical shelling machinery. Therefore, this work carried out four-factor orthogonal tests to determine the maximum permitted compressive force and minimum necessary shearing force to shell fresh lotus seeds without rupturing the kernel. It was found that the mean compression force that cracked the fresh lotus seed and led to kernel rupture was 213.03 N. Both the compressive force and the seed deformation upon kernel rupture were affected, in descending order of significance, by loading mode, seed grade, loading rate, and seed standing time. On the other hand, the shearing force needed to shell the seeds had a mean value of 7.84 N, far less than the compressive force that cracked the seed shell. The shearing force was affected, in descending order of significance, by seed standing time, tip angle of cutter blade, and loading rate, but not significantly affected by seed grade. The results suggested that mechanical shelling of fresh lotus seeds should ideally be carried out for fresh lotus seeds with a standing time of no more than 6 h using a cutter blade with an angle of about 40° at a loading rate of 30-90 mm/min. Keywords: shelling fresh lotus seeds, mechanical properties, shearing, compression, kernel rupture DOI: 10.25165/j.ijabe.20211401.5193 Citation: He J C, Tao Z Y, Liang S H, Ye D P. Compression and shearing force on kernel rupture in shelling fresh lotus seeds. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2021; 14(1): 237–242.References
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[27] Zhang S, Peng Y, Zong L. Shearing mechanical properties of fresh lotus. Guangdong Agricultural Sciences, 2014; 41(18): 155–159. (in Chinese)
[2] Zhu M, Liu T, Zhang C, Guo M. Flavonoids of Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) seed embryos and their antioxidant potential. Journal of Food Science, 2017; 82(3): 1834–1841.
[3] Liu T, Zhu M, Zhang C, Guo M. Quantitative analysis and comparison of flavonoids in lotus Plumules of four representative lotus cultivars. Journal of Spectroscopy, 2017; 2017: 1–9.
[4] Fujian Provincial bureau of statistics. The statistical yearbook of Fujian Province (2018): 10-16 Non-grain crop yield, 2018. (in Chinese)
[5] Luo Y H, Rao X X, Yang S C. New processing technology of lotus seed of Jianning. China Vegetables, 2011; 11: 46–48. (in Chinese)
[6] Chen C Q, Zhu J X, Zheng T, Lin X, Wang J, Fei Y. Research status and existing problems on mechanized processing of fresh lotus seeds. Agricultural Development & Equipments, 2018; 24(7): 103–104. (in Chinese)
[7] Liang S, Lin Y, Fan Z, Zhang J, He J. Progress and discussion of fresh lotus seed shelling technology. Hubei Agricultural Sciences, 2017; 56(4): 603–607. (in Chinese)
[8] Chen Y, Xiang H, Tan J, Zou X, Huang G, Li B. Effects of extrusion on mechanical damage and mechanical parameters of litchi. Journal of Hunan Agricultural University (Natural Sciences), 2013; 39(6): 688–692. (in Chinese)
[9] Chen Y, Cai W, Zou X, Xiang H, Liu T, Xu F. Mechanical properties test and finite element analysis for litchi. Transactions of the CSAE, 2011; 27(12): 358–363. (in Chinese)
[10] Wang W, Zhang S, Fu H, Lu H, Yang Z. Evaluation of litchi impact damage degree and damage susceptibility. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 2020; 173: 105409. doi: 10.1016/j.compag.2020.105409.
[11] Xue J, Gao S, Fan Y, Li L, Ming B, Wang K, et al. Traits of plant morphology, stalk mechanical strength, and biomass accumulation in the selection of lodging-resistant maize cultivars. European Journal of Agronomy, 2020; 117: 126073. doi: 10.1016/j.eja.2020.126073.
[12] Johnson P C, Clementson C L, Mathanker S K, Grift T E, Hansen A C. Cutting energy characteristics of Miscanthus x giganteus stems with varying oblique angle and cutting speed. Biosystems Engineering, 2012; 112(1): 42–48.
[13] Mathanker S K, Grift T E, Hansen A C. Effect of blade oblique angle and cutting speed on cutting energy for energycane stems. Biosystems Engineering, 2015; 133: 64–70.
[14] Pérez-López A, Chávez-Franco S H, Villaseñor-Perea C A, Espinosa-Solares T, Hernández-Gómez L H, Lobato-Calleros C. Respiration rate and mechanical properties of peach fruit during storage at three maturity stages. Journal of Food Engineering, 2014; 142(6): 111–117.
[15] Wang H, Liu C, Xue Y, Li D. Correlation of mechanical properties of peach slices with cell wall polysaccharides and cell morphology during hot air predrying. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, 2020; 44(2): e14319. doi: 10.1111/jfpp.14319.
[16] Ekrami-Rad N, Khazaei J, Khoshtaghaza M H. Selected mechanical properties of pomegranate peel and fruit. International Journal of Food Properties, 2011; 14(3): 570–582.
[17] Delprete C, Giacosa S, Raviolo E, Rolle L, Sesana R. Experimental characterization and numerical modeling of the compressive mechanical behavior of hazelnut kernels. Journal of Food Engineering, 2015; 166: 364–369.
[18] Xie L, Li Z, Li X. Experimental study on mechanical properties of lotus seed. Transactions of the CSAE, 2005; 21(7): 11–14. (in Chinese)
[19] Ye X. Testing and analyzing of physical properties of white lotus seed and red lotus seed. Anhui Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2006; 12(5): 69–70. (in Chinese)
[20] Zhao X, Zong L, Xie L. Testing and analyzing of physical parameters of dry white and red lotus. Food & Machinery, 2006; 22(2): 53–55. (in Chinese)
[21] Xie L, Zong L. Analysis of finite element method for loaded lotus seed.
Transactions of the CSAM, 2006; 37(6): 94–97. (in Chinese)
[22] Zhao J. Study on the structure and properties of plant nut materials and their bionics significance. Master dissertation. Tianjin: Tianjin University, 2007; 71p.
[23] Zhou Y. Research on physical-mechanical properties and cutting processing properties of lotus kernels. Master dissertation. Xiangtan: Xiangtan University, 2014; 65p. (in Chinese)
[24] Ma Q C, Lu A, Chen K, Zhao F, Lei L, Zhang J. Study on self-adaptive centering method of removing core of lotus seed and prototype test. Transactions of the CSAE, 2014; 30(21): 17–24. (in Chinese)
[25] Ma Q, Guo G, Ma J, Lei L, Liu K, Long H, et al. Determination of mechanical characteristic parameters and extrusion crushing characteristics test for lotus seed kernel. Transactions of the CSAE, 2018; 34(6): 263–271. (in Chinese)
[26] Zhu H, He J, Fang W, Ye D, Liang S. Design and test of small fresh lotus seed sheller. Transactions of the CSAE, 2017; 33(7): 28–35. (in Chinese)
[27] Zhang S, Peng Y, Zong L. Shearing mechanical properties of fresh lotus. Guangdong Agricultural Sciences, 2014; 41(18): 155–159. (in Chinese)
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Published
2021-02-10
How to Cite
He, J., Tao, Z., Liang, S., & Ye, D. (2021). Compression and shearing force on kernel rupture in shelling fresh lotus seeds. International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, 14(1), 237–242. Retrieved from https://ijabe.migration.pkpps03.publicknowledgeproject.org/index.php/ijabe/article/view/5193
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Agro-product and Food Processing Systems
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