Physics-based algorithm to simulate tree dynamics under wind load
Keywords:
physics-based algorithm, tree model, L-system, Cantilever beamAbstract
Rapid development in the different computer science fields during the recent decades has facilitated the creation of new applications in the area of dynamic simulation of plant development. Among these new applications, simulation of trees swaying in the wind is of great importance, as those computer graphics related areas, e.g., computer games, tree cultivation and forest management simulations, help a lot in revealing the mechanisms of tree dynamics under wind load. However, it is a big challenge to balance the effect of visualization in real time and calculation efficiency for any simulation algorithm. A physics-based algorithm to simulate tree dynamics under wind load was proposed in this study. A mechanistic model simulating the bending of a cantilever beam was used within the algorithm to simulate deformation of stems, and the algorithm was integrated with a landscape model in which different types of trees were constructed with an L-system-based formalism. Simulation results show that realistic dynamic effects can be achieved with reasonably high computational efficiency. Keywords: physics-based algorithm, tree model, L-system, Cantilever beam DOI: 10.25165/j.ijabe.20201302.4967 Citation: Xu L F, Yang Z Z, Ding W L, Buck-Sorlin G. Physics-based algorithm to simulate tree dynamics under wind load. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2020; 13(2): 26–32.References
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[2] Sakaguchi T, Ohya J. Modeling and animation of botanical trees for interactive virtual environments. ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology, London, United Kingdom, 1999; pp. 139–146.
[3] Ono H. Practical experience in the physical animation and destruction of trees. Eurographics Workshop on Computer Animation and Simulation, Vienna, Austria, 1997; pp. 149–159.
[4] Giacomo T, Capo S, Faure F. An interactive forest. Eurographics Workshop on Computer Animation and Simulation, Vienna, Austria, 2001; pp. 65–74.
[5] Cannon J, Mandelbrot B. The fractal geometry of nature. The American Mathematical Monthly, 1984; 91(9): 594.
[6] Teng C, Chen Y. Image-based tree modeling from a few images with very narrow viewing range. The Visual Computer, 2009; 25(4): 297–307.
[7] Aono M, Kunii T. Botanical tree image generation. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, 1984; 4(5): 10–34.
[8] Oppenheimer, Peter E. Real time design and animation of fractal plants and trees. ACM SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics, 1986; 20(4): 55–64.
[9] Shlyakhter I, Rozenoer M, Dorsey J, Teller S. Reconstructing 3D tree models from instrumented photographs. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, 2001; 21(3): 53–61.
[10] Lindenmayer A. Mathematical models for cellular interactions in development I. Filaments with one-sided inputs. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 1968; 18(3): 280–299.
[11] Okabe M, Owada S, Igarashi T. Interactive design of botanical trees using freehand sketches and example-based editing. Computer Graphic Forum, 2005; 24(3): 487–496.
[12] Ijiri T, Owada S, Okabe M, Igarashi T. Floral diagrams and inflorescences: interactive flower modeling using botanical structural constraints. ACM Transactions on Graphics, 2005; 24(3): 720–726.
[13] Jos S. Stochastic Dynamics: Simulating the effects of turbulence on flexible structures. Computer Graphics Forum, 2010; 16(3): 159–164.
[14] Ota S, Tamura M, Fujita K. A hybrid method for real-time animation of trees swaying in wind fields. The Visual Computer, 2004; 20(10): 613–623.
[15] Akagi Y, Kitajima K. Computer animation of swaying trees based on physical simulation. Computers and Graphics, 2006; 30(4):529–539.
[16] Hu S, Zhang Z, Xie H, Igarashi T. Data-driven modeling and animation of outdoor trees through interactive approach. Visual Computer, 2017; 33(6-8): 1017–1027.
[17] Fan J, Xiao S. The study of real-time animation of forest scene in wind projection. ACM SIGGRAPH International Conference on Virtual Reality Continuum and its Applications in Industry, Kobe, Japan, 2015; pp. 101–104.
[18] Ancelin P, Courbaud B, Fourcaud T. A population approach to study forest stand stability to wind: individual tree-based mechanical modeling. International Conference Wind Effects on Trees, University of Karlsruhe, Germany, 2013.
[19] Cullen S. Trees and wind: A practical consideration of the drag equation velocity exponent for urban tree risk management. Journal of Arboriculture, 2005; 31(3): 101–113.
[20] Gaffrey D, Kniemeyer O. The elasto-mechanical behaviour of Douglas fir, its sensitivity to tree-specific properties, wind and snow loads, and implications for stability - a simulation study. Journal of Forest Science, 2002; 48(2): 49–69.
[21] Gaffrey D, Sloboda B. Modifying the elastomechanics of the stem and the crown needle mass distribution to affect the diameter increment distribution: A field experiment on 20-year old Abies grandis trees. Journal of Forest Science, 2004; 50(5): 199–210.
[22] Sellier D, Brunet Y, Fourcaud T. A numerical model of tree aerodynamic response to a turbulent airflow. Forestry, 2008; 81(3): 279–297.
[23] Ping S, Tao Y. Research and realization of modeling method for virtual geographic scenes. International Conference on Information Science and Engineering, 2011; pp. 2297–2299.
[24] Kolivand H, Rhalibi A, Sunar M, Saba T. ReVitAge: Realistic virtual heritage taking shadows and sky illumination into account. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 2018; 32: 166-175.
[25] Prusinkiewicz P, Lindenmayer A. The algorithmic beauty of plants. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1990.
[26] Abelson H, Disessa A. Turtle geometry. MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.-London, 1980.
[27] Hu S, Zuo Z, Sun J. Approximate degree reduction of triangular bezier surfaces. Tsinghua Science and Technology, 1998; 3(2): 55–58.
[28] Prusinkiewicz P. Graphical applications of L-systems. Proceedings - Graphics Interface, 1986; pp. 247–253.
[29] Pei J, Yuan S, Yuan J. Fluid-structure coupling effect on periodically transient flow of a single-blade sewage centrifugal pump. Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology, 2013; 27(7): 2015–2023.
[30] Li F. Realistic Simulation of three-dimensional trees swaying in the wind. Computer Science, 2012; 39(11): 254–260.
[31] Concepts R. Wood handbook - wood as an engineering material. Agriculture handbook / United States. Dept. of Agriculture (USA). No. 72. 2013, 1.
[32] Dupont S, Pivato D, Brunet Y. Wind damage propagation in forests. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2015; 214-215(3): 243–251.
[33] Kennethr J, Nicholas H, Peterk A. Mechanical stability of trees under dynamic loads. American Journal of Botany, 2006; 93(10): 1522.
[34] Nikolov N, Massman, W, Schoettle A. Coupling biochemical and biophysical processes at the leaf level: an equilibrium photosynthesis model for leaves of C3 plants. Ecological Modelling, 1995; 80(2-3): 205–235.
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Published
2020-04-10
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Xu, L., Yang, Z., Ding, W., & Buck-Sorlin, G. (2020). Physics-based algorithm to simulate tree dynamics under wind load. International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, 13(2), 26–32. Retrieved from https://ijabe.migration.pkpps03.publicknowledgeproject.org/index.php/ijabe/article/view/4967
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Applied Science, Engineering and Technology
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