Measurement of soil electrical conductivity based on direct digital synthesizer (DDS) and digital oscilloscope
Keywords:
soil electrical conductivity, direct digital synthesizer, digital oscilloscope, precision agriculture, current-voltage four-electrode methodAbstract
A soil electrical conductivity (EC) measurement system based on direct digital synthesizer (DDS) and digital oscilloscope was developed. The system took the “current-voltage four-electrode method” as the design principal and adopted a six-pin structure of the probe, two center pins to measure the soil EC in shallow layer, two outside pins to measure the soil EC in deep layer, and two middle pins for inputting the driving current. A signal generating circuit using DDS technology was adopted to generate sine signals, which was connected with the two middle pins. A digital oscilloscope was used to record and store the two soil output signals with noises in microseconds, which were from the two center pins and two outside pins, respectively. Then a digital bandpass filter was used to filter the soil output signals recorded by the digital oscilloscope. Compared with the traditional analog filter circuit, the digital filter could filter out the noises of all frequency except for the frequency of the excitation source. It could improve the effect of filtering and the accuracy of the soil EC measurement system. The DDS circuit could provide more stable sine signals with larger amplitudes. The use of digital oscilloscope enables us to analyze the soil output signals in microseconds and measure the soil EC more accurately. The new soil EC measurement system based on DDS and digital oscilloscope can provide a new effective tool for soil sensing in precision agriculture. Keywords: soil electrical conductivity, direct digital synthesizer, digital oscilloscope, precision agriculture, current-voltage four-electrode method DOI: 10.25165/j.ijabe.20191206.4840 Citation: Pei X S, Meng C, Li M Z, Yang W, Zhou P. Measurement of soil electrical conductivity based on direct digital synthesizer (DDS) and digital oscilloscope. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2019; 12(6): 162–168.References
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[23] Cho Y, Sudduth K A, Chung S O. Soil physical property estimation from soil strength and apparent electrical conductivity sensor data. Biosyst Eng, 2016; 152: 68–78.
[2] Monzon J P, Calviño P A, Sadras V O, Zubiaurre J B, Andrade F H. Precision agriculture based on crop physiological principles improves whole-farm yield and profit: A case study. Eur J Agron, 2018; 99(6): 62–71.
[3] Finch H J S, Samuel A M, Lane G P F. Precision farming. In: Lockhart & Wiseman’s Crop Husbandry Including Grassland. 9th ed. 2014; pp.235–244.
[4] Lan Y B, Chen S D, Fritz B K. Current status and future trends of precision agricultural aviation technologies. Int J Agric Biol Eng. 2017; 10(3): 1–17.
[5] Varella C A A V, Gleriani J M, Santos R M D. Precision agriculture and remote sensing. In: Fernando S, Aluízio B, Celso C, editors. Sugarcane: Agricultural Production, Bioenergy and Ethanol. Elsevier Inc; 2015; pp.185–203.
[6] Reuter H I, Kersebaum K C. Applications in precision agriculture. In: Developments in Soil Science, 2018; pp.623–36.
[7] Sabarina K, Priya N. Lowering data dimensionality in big data for the benefit of precision agriculture. Procedia Comput Sci [Internet]. 2015; 48(C):548–554. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2015.04.134
[8] Yin Y, Chen L, Meng Z, Li B, Luo C, Fu W, et al. Design and evaluation of a maize monitoring system for precision planting. Int J Agric Biol Eng, 2018; 11(4): 166–170.
[9] Li M Z, Wang M H, Wang Q. Development and performance test of a portable soil EC detector. Appl Eng Agric, 2006; 22(2): 301–307.
[10] Yuan C F, Feng S Y, Wang J, Huo Z L, Ji Q Y. Effects of irrigation water salinity on soil salt content distribution, soil physical properties and water use efficiency of maize for seed production in arid Northwest China. Int J Agric Biol Eng, 2018; 11(3): 137–145.
[11] Calixto W P, Martins Neto L, Wu M, Kliemann H J, de Castro S S, Yamanaka K. Calculation of soil electrical conductivity using a genetic algorithm. Comput Electron Agric, 2010; 71(1): 1–6.
[12] Corwin D L, Lesch S M. Apparent soil electrical conductivity measurements in agriculture. Comput Electron Agric. 2005; 46(1-3 SPEC. ISS.): 11–43.
[13] Sudduth K A, Kitchen N R, Drummond S T. Soil conductivity sensing on claypan soils: comparison of electromagnetic induction and direct methods. Proceedings of 4th International Conference on Precision Agriculture, 1998; pp.979-990.
[14] Eric D. Lund, Colin D. Christy, Paul E. Drummond. using yield and soil electrical conductivity (EC) maps to derive crop production performance
information. Presented at the 5th International Conference on Precision Agriculture, 2005.
[15] Pei X, Zheng L, Li M, Sun H. Development of a vehicular soil electrical conductivity monitoring system based on ARM. Am Soc Agric Biol Eng Annu Int Meet 2014, ASABE, 2014; 3: 1747–56.
[16] Zhang J, Li M, Kong D. Measurement of substrate electrical conductivity in greenhouse based on electrical current-voltage four-electrode method. J Jilin Univ Eng Technol Ed, 2007; 37(2): 484–488.
[17] Chen L, Li M, Zhao Y. Improvement and experiment of the portable soil EC detector. J Agric Mech Res. 2009;7: 175–177.
[18] Li M, Kong D, Zhang J, Sui W, Zou Q Z. Development of portable soil EC meter with Bluetooth and PDA. J Jiangsu Univ Nat Sci Ed. 2008; 29(2): 93–96.
[19] Direct digital synthesis – Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Direct_digital_synthesizer.
[20] Robinson D A, Kelleners T J, Cooper J D, Gardner C M K, Wilson P, Lebron I, et al. Evaluation of a capacitance probe frequency response model accounting for bulk electrical conductivity. Vadose Zo J, 2005; 4(4): 992.
[21] An X, Li M, Zheng L, Liu Y, Sun H. Effect of soil moisture on prediction of soil total nitrogen using NIR spectroscopy. Spectrosc Spectr Anal, 2013; 33(3): 677–681.
[22] Sudduth K A, Drummond S T, Kitchen N R. Accuracy issues in electromagnetic induction sensing of soil electrical conductivity for precision agriculture. Comput Electron Agric, 2001; 31(3): 239–264.
[23] Cho Y, Sudduth K A, Chung S O. Soil physical property estimation from soil strength and apparent electrical conductivity sensor data. Biosyst Eng, 2016; 152: 68–78.
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Published
2019-12-04
How to Cite
Pei, X., Meng, C., Li, M., Yang, W., & Zhou, P. (2019). Measurement of soil electrical conductivity based on direct digital synthesizer (DDS) and digital oscilloscope. International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, 12(6), 162–168. Retrieved from https://ijabe.migration.pkpps03.publicknowledgeproject.org/index.php/ijabe/article/view/4840
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Information Technology, Sensors and Control Systems
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