Importance of considering nutrient loadings from small watersheds to a lake – A case study of the Lake Shinji watershed, Shimane Prefecture, Japan
Keywords:
suspended sediment (SS), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), watershed management, SWAT modelAbstract
Nutrient loadings from upstream watersheds can have significant impacts on the water quality of receiving water bodies. Usually, a major river is selected as the target for water quality studies, and the impact of minor rivers tends to be ignored. It is very important to evaluate whether the impact of small rivers on the downstream water quality is negligible. River water sampling and discharge modeling using SWAT were used to analyze the contribution of small rivers to water quality in a receiving lake. From this analysis, it was determined that the inflowing total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations from all target rivers exceeded the lake water environmental standards set by the Ministry of the Environment. The contribution of suspended sediment (SS) and TN loads from small rivers did not vary markedly compared with their relative discharge contributions to the lake, at approximately 20%. However, the impact on TP loads to the lake from small rivers was 9.1% higher than their relative flow contributions, accounting for 28.2% of the TP loading. Thus, there is a potential to underestimate the impact of ungauged small rivers if only the major river is selected to evaluate the downstream lake water quality. Keywords: suspended sediment (SS), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), watershed management, SWAT model DOI: 10.25165/j.ijabe.20181105.4351 Citation: Somura H, Kunii H, Yone Y, Takeda I, Sato H. Importance of considering nutrient loadings from small watersheds to a lake – A case study of the Lake Shinji watershed, Shimane Prefecture, Japan. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2018; 11(5): 124–130.References
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[14] Williams J R, Arnold J G, Kiniry J R, Gassman P W, Green C H. History of model development at Temple, Texas. Hydrol. Sci. J., 2008; 53(5): 948–960. doi: 10.1623/hysj.53.5.948.
[15] Cibin R, Athira P, Sudheer K P, Chaubey I. Application of distributed hydrological models for predictions in ungauged basins: a method to quantify predictive uncertainty. Hydrol. Process., 2014; 28: 2033–2045. doi: 10.1002/hyp.9721.
[16] Gitau MW, Chaubey I. Regionalization of SWAT model parameters for use in ungauged watersheds. Water, 2010; 2: 849–871. doi: 10.3390/w2040849.
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[18] Seto K, Nakayama D, Tanaka H, Yamaguchi K. Cyanobacterial water-bloom in Lake Shinji and its geochemical features. Laguna, 2000; 7: 61–69. (in Japanese)
[19] Abbaspour K C, Yang J, Maximov I, Siber R, Bogner K, Mieleitner J, Zobrist J, Srinivasan R. Modelling hydrology and water quality in the pre‐alpine/alpine Thur watershed using SWAT. J. Hydrol.. 2007; 333:413–430. doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2006.09.014.
[20] GSI: Geospatial Information Authority of Japan. Foundation map information. http://www.gsi.go.jp/kiban/index.html. Accessed on [2006-06-12].
[21] MLIT: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism. National Land Numeral Information. http://nlftp.mlit.go.jp/ksj/ index.html. Accessed on [2006-04-24].
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[23] JMA: Japan Meteorological Agency. Past weather data. http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/index.html. Accessed on [2006-04-24].
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[25] ASCE: American Society of Civil Engineers. Criteria for evaluation of watershed models. J. Irrig. Drain. Eng., 1993; 119 (3): 429–442.
[26] Krause P, Boyle D P, Bäse F. Comparison of different efficiency criteria for hydrological model assessment. Adv. Geosci., 2005; 5: 89–97. doi: 10.5194/adgeo-5-89-2005.
[27] Gassman P W, Reyes M R, Green C H, Arnold J G. The soil and water assessment tool: historical development, applications, and future research directions. T ASABE, 2007; 50(4): 1211–1250. doi: 10.13031/ 2013.23637.
[28] Gassman P W, Sadeghi A M, Srinivasan R. Applications of the SWAT Model Special Section: Overview and Insights. J. Environ. Qual., 2014; 43(1): 1–8. doi: 10.2134/jeq2013.11.0466.
[29] Bressiani D d A, Gassman P W, Fernandes J G, Garbossa L H P, Srinivasan R, Bonumá N B, et al. A review of Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) applications in Brazil: Challenges and prospects. Int. J. Agric. & Biol. Eng., 2015; 8(3): 9–35. doi: 10.3965/j.ijabe. 20150803.1765.
[30] Nash J E, Sutcliffe J V. River flow forecasting through conceptual models. Part I: A discussion of principles. J. Hydrol., 1970; 10: 282–290. doi: 10.1016/0022-1694(70)90255-6.
[31] Gupta H V, Sorooshian S, Yapo P O. Status of automatic calibration for hydrologic models: Comparison with multilevel expert calibration. J. Hydrol. Eng., 1999; 4(2): 135–143. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)1084- 0699(1999)4:2(135).
[32] Moriasi D N, Gitau M W, Pai N, Daggupati P. Hydrologic and water quality models: performance measures and evaluation criteria. T. ASABE, 2015; 58(6): 1763–1785. doi: 10.13031/trans.58.10715.
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2018-09-29
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Somura, H., Kunii, H., Yone, Y., Takeda, I., & Sato, H. (2018). Importance of considering nutrient loadings from small watersheds to a lake – A case study of the Lake Shinji watershed, Shimane Prefecture, Japan. International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, 11(5), 124–130. Retrieved from https://ijabe.migration.pkpps03.publicknowledgeproject.org/index.php/ijabe/article/view/4351
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