Experimental study of ultrasonic atomizer effects on values of EC and pH of nutrient solution
Keywords:
Aeroponic, Tomato nutrient solution, EC, pH, Ultrasonic atomizer frequency, Spray time, Interval time, Uniform design,Abstract
The objectives of this research were to reveal how main working parameters of ultrasonic atomizers would influence key properties of the atomized nutrient solution in an aeroponics system. The Yamazaki tomato nutrient solution was selected as a nutrient example. Uniform design (UD) method U12 (122×13) was adopted to arrange the test. In this test, spraying time and interval time were taken as quantitative factors with 12 levels (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, and 120 min, respectively), and ultrasonic atomizer frequency was taken as qualitative factor with 3 conditions (28 kHz, 107 kHz, 1.7 MHz). Based on test data, two regression formulations used to predict the values of ΔEC, and ΔpH of atomized Yamazaki tomato nutrient solution was established and inspected. The spraying interval time of ultrasonic atomizers had no significant effect on EC and pH of the atomized Yamazaki tomato nutrient solution; the ultrasonic atomizer frequency was more effective than spraying time on the values of EC and pH; the values of EC and pH became maximum at (f3, T1) = (1.7 MHz, 120 min) and minimum at (f1, T1) = (28 kHz, 10 min). It was concluded that the effect of high-frequency (1.7 MHz) ultrasonic atomizer on EC and pH of the Yamazaki tomato nutrient solution was beyond the standard value for tomato growth. Therefore, the high-frequency (1.7 MHz) ultrasonic atomizer is not suitable for aeroponics cultivation when using the Yamazaki tomato nutrient solution as aeroponics nutrient solution. Keywords: aeroponics, tomato nutrient solution, EC, pH, ultrasonic atomizer frequency, spray time, interval time, uniform design DOI: 10.25165/j.ijabe.20181105.3790 Citation: Lakhiar I A, Liu X D, Wang G Q, Gao J M. Experiment study of ultrasonic atomizer effects on values of EC and pH of nutrient solution. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2018; 11(5): 59–64.References
[1] Hayden A L, Giacomelli G A, Yokelson T, Hoffmann J J. Aeroponics: An alternative production system for high-value root crops. Acta. Hortic, 2004; 629: 207–213.
[2] Berger H L, Brandow C R. Ultrasonic liquid atomizer having in axially-extending liquid feed passage. US Patent 352459, 1982.
[3] Christie C B, Nichols M A. Aeroponics-a production system and research tool. Acta Horticulturae, 2004; 648: 185–190.
[4] Kamies R, Rafudeen M S, Farrant J. The use of aeroponics to investigate antioxidant activity in the roots of Xerophytaviscosa. Plant Growth Regulation, 2010; 62(3): 203–211.
[5] Mehandru P, Shekhawat N S, Rai M K, Kataria V, Gehlot H S. Evaluation of aeroponic for clonal propagation of carallumaedulis, leptadenia reticulate and Tylophoraindica- three threatened medicinal Asclepiads. J. Physiol. Mol. Biol. Plants, 2014; 20: 365–373.
[6] Weathers P J, Zobel R W. Aeroponics for the culture of organisms, tissues and cells. Biotechnol. Adv, 1992; 10: 93–115.
[7] Pagliarulo C, Hayden A L. Potential for greenhouse aeroponic cultivation of medicinal root crops. Proc. of Conf. of the Amer. Plasticult. Soc., San Diego, California, 2002.
[8] NASA Spinoff. Progressive plant growing has business blooming. environmental and agricultural resources. NASA Spinoff, 2006; pp.68–72.
[9] Mirza M, Younis M, Currie R. Greenhouse production of Echinacea and other medicinal plants. Paper presented at opportunities and profits II: Special crops into the 21st Century. Nov 1-3, 1998, A.B. Edmonton, N. Canada.
[10] Mohammad A, Khan A G, Kuek C. Improved aeroponic culture of inocula of arbularmycorrhizal fungi. Mycorrhiza, 2000; 9: 337–339.
[11] Hayden A L. Aeroponic and hydroponic systems for medicinal herb rhizome, and root crops. J. Hort. Science., 2006; 41: 16–18.
[12] Lakhiar I A, Gao J, Syed T N, Chandio F A, Buttar N A. Modern plant cultivation technologies in agriculture under controlled environment: A review on aeroponics. J. Plant Inter, 2018; 13(1): 338–358.
[13] Fermor T R. Agaricusmacrosporus: An edible fungus with commercial potential. Sci. Horti., 1982; 16(3): 27–282.
[14] Biddinger E J, Liu C M, Joly R J, Raghothama K G. Physiological and molecular responses of aeroponically grown tomato plants to phosphorus deficiency. J. Ameri, Soc. Horti. Sci, 1998; 123(2): 330–333.
[15] Park H S, Chiang M H, Park H S. Effects of form and concentration of nitrogen in aeroponic solution on growth, chlorophyll, nitrogen contents and enzyme activities in Cucumis sativum L. plant. J. Korean Soc. Hort. Sci, 1997; 38: 642–646.
[16] Rykaczewska K. The potato mini tuber production from microtubers in aeroponic culture .Plant Soil Envi., 2016; 62(5): 210–214.
[17] Oteng-Darko P, Kyei-Baffour N, Otoo E, Agyare W A. Growing seed yams in the air: The agronomic performance of two aeroponics systems developed in Ghana. Sust Agri Res., 2017; 6: 106–116.
[18] Gao J, Zhang J, Lu D. Design and atomization experiments of an ultrasonic atomizer with a levitation mechanism. Appl. Eng. in Agric, 2016; 32(4): 353–360.
[19] Wang L L, Zhao B, Fan J W, Hu X A, Wei S, Li Y S, et al. Development of a tomato harvesting robot used in the greenhouse. Int. J. Agric. Biol. Eng., 2017; 10(4): 140–149.
[20] Liu X G, Li F S, Zhang F C, Cai H J, Yang Q L. Influences of alternate partial root-zone irrigation and urea rates on the water- and nitrogen-use efficiencies in tomato. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2017; 10(6): 94–102.
[21] Slimestada R, Verheulb M. Review of flavonoids and other phenolics from fruits of different tomato (Lycopersiconesculentum Mill). J. Sci. Food Agric., 2009; 89(8): 1255–1270.
[22] Fang K T, Lin D K. Uniform experimental designs and their applications in industry. Handbook of Statistics, Vol.22, Elsevier Science B.V., 2003.
[23] Liang Y Z, Fang K T, Xu Q S. Uniform design and its applications in chemistry and chemical engineering. Chemom Intell Lab Syst, 2001; 58: 43–57.
[24] Fang K T, Lin D K J, Winker P, Zhang Y. Uniform design: Theory and application. Technometrics, 2012; 42: 237–248..
[25] He J, Lee S K. Growth and photosynthetic response of 3 aeroponically growth lettuce cultivars (Lactuca sativa L.) to different root zone temperatures and growth irradiances under tropical aerial conditions. J. Hort. Sci. Biotech, 1998; 73(2):173–180.
[26] Balasubrahmanyam A, Mohan N, Patil P, Gogate R. Ultrasonic atomization: Effect of liquid phase properties. Ultrasonics, 2006; 44(2): 146–158.
[2] Berger H L, Brandow C R. Ultrasonic liquid atomizer having in axially-extending liquid feed passage. US Patent 352459, 1982.
[3] Christie C B, Nichols M A. Aeroponics-a production system and research tool. Acta Horticulturae, 2004; 648: 185–190.
[4] Kamies R, Rafudeen M S, Farrant J. The use of aeroponics to investigate antioxidant activity in the roots of Xerophytaviscosa. Plant Growth Regulation, 2010; 62(3): 203–211.
[5] Mehandru P, Shekhawat N S, Rai M K, Kataria V, Gehlot H S. Evaluation of aeroponic for clonal propagation of carallumaedulis, leptadenia reticulate and Tylophoraindica- three threatened medicinal Asclepiads. J. Physiol. Mol. Biol. Plants, 2014; 20: 365–373.
[6] Weathers P J, Zobel R W. Aeroponics for the culture of organisms, tissues and cells. Biotechnol. Adv, 1992; 10: 93–115.
[7] Pagliarulo C, Hayden A L. Potential for greenhouse aeroponic cultivation of medicinal root crops. Proc. of Conf. of the Amer. Plasticult. Soc., San Diego, California, 2002.
[8] NASA Spinoff. Progressive plant growing has business blooming. environmental and agricultural resources. NASA Spinoff, 2006; pp.68–72.
[9] Mirza M, Younis M, Currie R. Greenhouse production of Echinacea and other medicinal plants. Paper presented at opportunities and profits II: Special crops into the 21st Century. Nov 1-3, 1998, A.B. Edmonton, N. Canada.
[10] Mohammad A, Khan A G, Kuek C. Improved aeroponic culture of inocula of arbularmycorrhizal fungi. Mycorrhiza, 2000; 9: 337–339.
[11] Hayden A L. Aeroponic and hydroponic systems for medicinal herb rhizome, and root crops. J. Hort. Science., 2006; 41: 16–18.
[12] Lakhiar I A, Gao J, Syed T N, Chandio F A, Buttar N A. Modern plant cultivation technologies in agriculture under controlled environment: A review on aeroponics. J. Plant Inter, 2018; 13(1): 338–358.
[13] Fermor T R. Agaricusmacrosporus: An edible fungus with commercial potential. Sci. Horti., 1982; 16(3): 27–282.
[14] Biddinger E J, Liu C M, Joly R J, Raghothama K G. Physiological and molecular responses of aeroponically grown tomato plants to phosphorus deficiency. J. Ameri, Soc. Horti. Sci, 1998; 123(2): 330–333.
[15] Park H S, Chiang M H, Park H S. Effects of form and concentration of nitrogen in aeroponic solution on growth, chlorophyll, nitrogen contents and enzyme activities in Cucumis sativum L. plant. J. Korean Soc. Hort. Sci, 1997; 38: 642–646.
[16] Rykaczewska K. The potato mini tuber production from microtubers in aeroponic culture .Plant Soil Envi., 2016; 62(5): 210–214.
[17] Oteng-Darko P, Kyei-Baffour N, Otoo E, Agyare W A. Growing seed yams in the air: The agronomic performance of two aeroponics systems developed in Ghana. Sust Agri Res., 2017; 6: 106–116.
[18] Gao J, Zhang J, Lu D. Design and atomization experiments of an ultrasonic atomizer with a levitation mechanism. Appl. Eng. in Agric, 2016; 32(4): 353–360.
[19] Wang L L, Zhao B, Fan J W, Hu X A, Wei S, Li Y S, et al. Development of a tomato harvesting robot used in the greenhouse. Int. J. Agric. Biol. Eng., 2017; 10(4): 140–149.
[20] Liu X G, Li F S, Zhang F C, Cai H J, Yang Q L. Influences of alternate partial root-zone irrigation and urea rates on the water- and nitrogen-use efficiencies in tomato. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2017; 10(6): 94–102.
[21] Slimestada R, Verheulb M. Review of flavonoids and other phenolics from fruits of different tomato (Lycopersiconesculentum Mill). J. Sci. Food Agric., 2009; 89(8): 1255–1270.
[22] Fang K T, Lin D K. Uniform experimental designs and their applications in industry. Handbook of Statistics, Vol.22, Elsevier Science B.V., 2003.
[23] Liang Y Z, Fang K T, Xu Q S. Uniform design and its applications in chemistry and chemical engineering. Chemom Intell Lab Syst, 2001; 58: 43–57.
[24] Fang K T, Lin D K J, Winker P, Zhang Y. Uniform design: Theory and application. Technometrics, 2012; 42: 237–248..
[25] He J, Lee S K. Growth and photosynthetic response of 3 aeroponically growth lettuce cultivars (Lactuca sativa L.) to different root zone temperatures and growth irradiances under tropical aerial conditions. J. Hort. Sci. Biotech, 1998; 73(2):173–180.
[26] Balasubrahmanyam A, Mohan N, Patil P, Gogate R. Ultrasonic atomization: Effect of liquid phase properties. Ultrasonics, 2006; 44(2): 146–158.
Downloads
Published
2018-09-29
How to Cite
lakhiar, I. A., Liu, X., Wang, G., & Gao, J. (2018). Experimental study of ultrasonic atomizer effects on values of EC and pH of nutrient solution. International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, 11(5), 59–64. Retrieved from https://ijabe.migration.pkpps03.publicknowledgeproject.org/index.php/ijabe/article/view/3790
Issue
Section
Applied Science, Engineering and Technology
License
IJABE is an international peer reviewed open access journal, adopting Creative Commons Copyright Notices as follows.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
