Mechanical strength of wheat grain varieties influenced by moisture content and loading rate
Keywords:
wheat grain, shear resistance, bulk density of grain varieties, moisture content, loading ratesAbstract
Mechanical shear resistance of wheat grain is a significant concern for the designers and researchers related to the design of threshing, handling and processing machinery of the field crops. The grain mechanical properties directly affect the machine geometry and its operational parameters. The present study was carried out to determine the shear resistance of five wheat varieties (Locally names; TD-02, Sindhu-1105, Benazir, China and SKD-118) influenced by moisture content (16.7%, 18.7% and 19.5%) and loading rate (3 mm/s, 6 mm/s and 9 mm/s). However, some physio-dimensional properties (length, width, thickness, slenderness ratio, surface area and sphericity) were obtained at different moisture contents. The results showed that the shear resistance reduced by increasing the moisture content and loading rate. The average shear resistance decreased from 10.45 N to 3.74 N for 3-9 mm/s loading rate at moisture content of 16.7% to 19.5%. Thus, the maximum correlation (r = 0.905) of shear resistance obtained at 16.7%, whereas minimum correlation (r = 0.692) obtained at 19.5%. The shear resistance of wheat grain was highly significant (p<0.05) at 9 mm/s for 19.5%. Shear resistance decreased with an increase in the moisture content in the grain whereas deformation is increasing with the increase of moisture content. However, the maximum bulk density of wheat grain obtained at 19.5% for SKD-118, while the minimum obtained at 16.7% for TD-02. It is recommended that the design and modification of wheat grain processing equipment should be executed on the physio-mechanical properties of grain varieties. Keywords: wheat grain, shear resistance, bulk density of grain varieties, moisture content, loading rates DOI: 10.25165/j.ijabe.20181104.3737 Citation: Li Y M, Chandio F A, Ma Z, Lakhiar I A, Sahito A R, Ahmad F, et al. Mechanical strength of wheat grain varieties influenced by moisture content and loading rate. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2018; 11(4): 52–57.References
[1] Slavin J. Why whole grains are protective: biological mechanisms. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 2003; 62(1): 129–134.
[2] Mohsenin N N. Physical properties of plant and animal materials. New York: Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, 1970.
[3] Lupu M I, Pădureanu, V. Grinding cereals. Ed. Transilvania University of Brasov, 2012; pp.133–135.
[4] Dziki D. Effect of preliminary grinding of the wheat grain on the pulverizing process. J Food Eng, 2011; 104: 585–591.
[5] Trigwell S, TennalK B, Mazumder M K, Lindquist D A. Precombustion cleaning of coal by triboelectric separation of minerals. Particulate Science and Technology, 2003; 21(4): 353–364.
[6] Wang J, Maarten M, Schutyser A I, Boom R M, Analysis of electrostatic powder charging for fractionation of foods. Inn Food Sc and Emerg Tech, 2014; 26: 360–365.
[7] Molenda M, Stasiak M. Determination of the elastic constants of cereal grains in a uniaxial Compression test. IntAgrophy, 2002; 16: 61–65.
[8] Dyduch M, Kaminski M, Lapko A, Runkiewicz L. Amendment of
polish standard pn-89/b-03262 concrete bens for storing granular materials and silage. XI Conference on Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete Containers for Liquids and Granular Materials, SwieradowZdroj, 2000; pp.65–69.
[9] Eurocode I. Basis of design and actions on structures-Part 4: Actions in silos and tanks. European Committee for Standardization. Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart, Brussels, 1996.
[10] Boac J M, Casada M E, Maghirang R G, Harner J P. Material and interaction properties of selected grains and oilseeds for modeling discrete particles. Am Soc Agric BiolEng, 2010; 53(4): 1201–1216.
[11] Moulia B. Plant biomechanics and mechanobiology are convergent paths to flourishing interdisciplinary research. J Exp Bot, 2013; 64: 4617–4633. doi: 10.1093/jxb/ert320
[12] Ebrahem I Z, Amer Eissa A H, Wang Y K. Vertical brush seed metering device for sweet sugar beet planter. Int J Agric Biol Eng, 2010; 3(1): 26–37.
[13] Steinbrecher T, Leubner-Metzger G. The biomechanics of seed germination. J Exp Bot, 2016; 68: 765–783. doi: 10.1093/jxb/erw428
[14] Burton R A, Fincher G B. Evolution and development of cell walls in cereal grains. Front Plant Sci, 2014; 5: 456. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2014. 00456
[15] Al-MahasnehM A, Rababah T M. Effect of moisture content on some physical properties of green wheat. J Food Eng, 2007; 79: 1467–1473.
[16] Wang B, Li D, Wang L J, Huang Z G, Zhang L, Chen X D, Mao Z H. Effect of moisture content on the physical properties of fibered flax seed. Int J of Food Eng, 2007; 3(5): 1–11.
[17] Kara M, Turgut N, Erkmen Y, Guler I E. Determination of the coefficient of friction of some granules,17th National Symposium on Mechanization in Agriculture, Tokat, Turkey, 1997; pp.609–614.
[18] Deshpande S O, Bal S, Ojha T P. Physical properties of soybean. J
Agric Eng Res, 1993; 56: 89–98.
[19] Paksoy M, Aydin C. Some physical Shepherd, H. and R.K. Bhardwaj, 1986. Moisture Properties of edible squash (Cucurbita pepo L.) seeds. J. Food Eng., 2004; 65: 225–231.
[20] Kara M, Turgut N, Erkmen Y, Guler I E, Determination of coefficient of friction of some granules, 17th National Symposium on Mechanization in Agriculture, Tokat, Turkey, 1997; pp.609–614.
[21] Bagheri I, Dehpour M B, Payman S H, Zareiforoush H. Rupture strength of brown rice varieties as affected by moisture dependent and loading speed, Aus j Crop Sc, 2011; 5(10): 1239–1246.
[22] Gupta R K, Das S K, Fracture resistance of sunflower seed and kernel to compressive loading, J of Food Engg, 2000; 46: 1–8.
[23] Zoerb G C. Instrumentation and measurement techniques for determining physical properties of farm products. Transactions of the ASAE, 1967; 10: 100–109, 113.
[24] Saiedirad M H, Tabatabaeefar A, Borghei A, Mirsalehi M. Badii F, Ghasemi V M. Effects of moisture content, seed size, loading speed and seed orientation on force and energy required for fracturing cumin seed (Cuminumcyminum Linn.) under quasi-static loading, J Food Eng, 2008; 86: 565–572.
[25] Xu Y F, Zhang X L, Sun X J, Wang J Z, Liu J Z, Li Z G, et al. Tensile mechanical properties of greenhouse cucumber cane. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2016; 9(5): 1–8.
[26] Al-MahasnehM A, Rababah T M. Effect of moisture content on some physical properties of green wheat, J Food. Eng, 2007; 79: 1467–1473.
[27] Kheiralipour K, Karimi M, Tabatabaeefar A, Naderi M, Khoubakht G, Heidarbeigi K. Moisture-depend physical properties of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). J of Agricu Tech, 2008; 4(1): 53–64.
[28] Tabatabaeefar A. Moisture-dependent physical properties of wheat. IAgrophys, 2003; 17: 207–211.
[2] Mohsenin N N. Physical properties of plant and animal materials. New York: Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, 1970.
[3] Lupu M I, Pădureanu, V. Grinding cereals. Ed. Transilvania University of Brasov, 2012; pp.133–135.
[4] Dziki D. Effect of preliminary grinding of the wheat grain on the pulverizing process. J Food Eng, 2011; 104: 585–591.
[5] Trigwell S, TennalK B, Mazumder M K, Lindquist D A. Precombustion cleaning of coal by triboelectric separation of minerals. Particulate Science and Technology, 2003; 21(4): 353–364.
[6] Wang J, Maarten M, Schutyser A I, Boom R M, Analysis of electrostatic powder charging for fractionation of foods. Inn Food Sc and Emerg Tech, 2014; 26: 360–365.
[7] Molenda M, Stasiak M. Determination of the elastic constants of cereal grains in a uniaxial Compression test. IntAgrophy, 2002; 16: 61–65.
[8] Dyduch M, Kaminski M, Lapko A, Runkiewicz L. Amendment of
polish standard pn-89/b-03262 concrete bens for storing granular materials and silage. XI Conference on Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete Containers for Liquids and Granular Materials, SwieradowZdroj, 2000; pp.65–69.
[9] Eurocode I. Basis of design and actions on structures-Part 4: Actions in silos and tanks. European Committee for Standardization. Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart, Brussels, 1996.
[10] Boac J M, Casada M E, Maghirang R G, Harner J P. Material and interaction properties of selected grains and oilseeds for modeling discrete particles. Am Soc Agric BiolEng, 2010; 53(4): 1201–1216.
[11] Moulia B. Plant biomechanics and mechanobiology are convergent paths to flourishing interdisciplinary research. J Exp Bot, 2013; 64: 4617–4633. doi: 10.1093/jxb/ert320
[12] Ebrahem I Z, Amer Eissa A H, Wang Y K. Vertical brush seed metering device for sweet sugar beet planter. Int J Agric Biol Eng, 2010; 3(1): 26–37.
[13] Steinbrecher T, Leubner-Metzger G. The biomechanics of seed germination. J Exp Bot, 2016; 68: 765–783. doi: 10.1093/jxb/erw428
[14] Burton R A, Fincher G B. Evolution and development of cell walls in cereal grains. Front Plant Sci, 2014; 5: 456. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2014. 00456
[15] Al-MahasnehM A, Rababah T M. Effect of moisture content on some physical properties of green wheat. J Food Eng, 2007; 79: 1467–1473.
[16] Wang B, Li D, Wang L J, Huang Z G, Zhang L, Chen X D, Mao Z H. Effect of moisture content on the physical properties of fibered flax seed. Int J of Food Eng, 2007; 3(5): 1–11.
[17] Kara M, Turgut N, Erkmen Y, Guler I E. Determination of the coefficient of friction of some granules,17th National Symposium on Mechanization in Agriculture, Tokat, Turkey, 1997; pp.609–614.
[18] Deshpande S O, Bal S, Ojha T P. Physical properties of soybean. J
Agric Eng Res, 1993; 56: 89–98.
[19] Paksoy M, Aydin C. Some physical Shepherd, H. and R.K. Bhardwaj, 1986. Moisture Properties of edible squash (Cucurbita pepo L.) seeds. J. Food Eng., 2004; 65: 225–231.
[20] Kara M, Turgut N, Erkmen Y, Guler I E, Determination of coefficient of friction of some granules, 17th National Symposium on Mechanization in Agriculture, Tokat, Turkey, 1997; pp.609–614.
[21] Bagheri I, Dehpour M B, Payman S H, Zareiforoush H. Rupture strength of brown rice varieties as affected by moisture dependent and loading speed, Aus j Crop Sc, 2011; 5(10): 1239–1246.
[22] Gupta R K, Das S K, Fracture resistance of sunflower seed and kernel to compressive loading, J of Food Engg, 2000; 46: 1–8.
[23] Zoerb G C. Instrumentation and measurement techniques for determining physical properties of farm products. Transactions of the ASAE, 1967; 10: 100–109, 113.
[24] Saiedirad M H, Tabatabaeefar A, Borghei A, Mirsalehi M. Badii F, Ghasemi V M. Effects of moisture content, seed size, loading speed and seed orientation on force and energy required for fracturing cumin seed (Cuminumcyminum Linn.) under quasi-static loading, J Food Eng, 2008; 86: 565–572.
[25] Xu Y F, Zhang X L, Sun X J, Wang J Z, Liu J Z, Li Z G, et al. Tensile mechanical properties of greenhouse cucumber cane. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2016; 9(5): 1–8.
[26] Al-MahasnehM A, Rababah T M. Effect of moisture content on some physical properties of green wheat, J Food. Eng, 2007; 79: 1467–1473.
[27] Kheiralipour K, Karimi M, Tabatabaeefar A, Naderi M, Khoubakht G, Heidarbeigi K. Moisture-depend physical properties of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). J of Agricu Tech, 2008; 4(1): 53–64.
[28] Tabatabaeefar A. Moisture-dependent physical properties of wheat. IAgrophys, 2003; 17: 207–211.
Downloads
Published
2018-08-08
How to Cite
Li, Y., Chandio, F. A., Ma, Z., Lakhiar, I. A., Sahito, A. R., Ahmed, F., … Suleman, M. (2018). Mechanical strength of wheat grain varieties influenced by moisture content and loading rate. International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, 11(4), 52–57. Retrieved from https://ijabe.migration.pkpps03.publicknowledgeproject.org/index.php/ijabe/article/view/3737
Issue
Section
Applied Science, Engineering and Technology
License
IJABE is an international peer reviewed open access journal, adopting Creative Commons Copyright Notices as follows.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
