Effects of environment lighting on the growth, photosynthesis, and quality of hydroponic lettuce in a plant factory
Keywords:
plant factory, daily light integral, artificial light, photosynthetic photon flux density, net photosynthetic rate, energy use efficiencyAbstract
Leafy vegetable production under controlled environment using artificial lighting has many advantages over conventional greenhouses and open-field production. However, high initial investment and operation costs are restricting the wide application of this technology. In order to design an optimal artificial lighting environment for lettuce production, effects of different combinations of light intensity, photoperiod, and light quality on growth, quality, photosynthesis, and energy use efficiency of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cv Ziwei) were investigated under a closed plant factory. Lettuce transplants were grown under photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) at 150 µmol/m2·s, 200 µmol/m2·s, 250 µmol/m2·s, and 300 µmol/m2·s provided by fluorescent lamps (FL) with a red to blue ratio (R:B ratio) of 1.8 and light-emitting diode (LED) lamps with R:B ratio of 1.2 and 2.2, in combination with photoperiod of 12 and 16 h/d. In order to examine the “long term” photosynthetic characteristics, net photosynthetic rates of hydroponic lettuce leaves were continuously measured for 2 days (15th and 16th day after transplanting) before harvest. There was no difference in leaf fresh weight (FW) between PPFD of 250 µmol/m2·s and 300 µmol/m2·s with photoperiod of 16 h/d, regardless of light quality, and same results showed in contents of nitrate, soluble sugar, and vitamin C, respectively. The results of continuous measurements of net photosynthetic rate of lettuce leaves before harvest indicated that plants grown at PPFD of 250 µmol/m2·s had consistently higher compared to those grown at PPFD of 300 µmol/m2·s. Combining the results from growth, photosynthesis, quality, and energy consumption, it can be concluded that PPFD at 250 µmol/m2·s with photoperiod of 16 h/d under LED with R:B ratio of 2.2 is a suitable light environment for maximum growth and high quality of commercial lettuce (cv. Ziwei) production under indoor controlled environment. Keywords: plant factory, daily light integral, artificial light, photosynthetic photon flux density, net photosynthetic rate, energy use efficiency DOI: 10.25165/j.ijabe.20181102.3420 Citation: Zhang X, He D X, Niu G H, Yan Z N, Song J X. Effects of environment lighting on the growth, photosynthesis, and quality of hydroponic lettuce in a plant factory. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2018; 11(2): 33–40.References
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Journal of Horticultural Science & Biotechnology, 1999; 74(4): 458–463.
[33] Aparna G, Kleinhenz M D, Scheerens J C, Ling P P. Anthocyanin levels in nine lettuce (lactuca sativa) cultivars: influence of planting data and relations among analytic, instrumented, and visual assessments of color. HortScience, 2007; 42(2): 232–238.
[34] Park J E, Park Y G, Jeong B R, Hwang S J. Growth and anthocyanin content of lettuce as affected by artificial light source and photoperiod in a closed-type plant production system. Kor. J. Hort. Sci. Technol., 2012; 30(6): 673–679.
[35] Zhon J, Seki T, Kinoshita S, Yoshida. Effect of light irradiation on anthocyanin production by suspended culture of Perilla frutecens. Biotechnol Bioeng, 1991; 38: 653–658.
[36] Bian Z H, Yang Q C, Liu W K. Effects of light quality on the accumulation of phytochemicals in vegetables produced in controlled environments: a review. J Sci Food Agric, 2015; 95(5): 869–877.
[37] Cheng X L, Guo W Z, Xue X Z, Wang L C. Growth and quality response of ‘Green Oak Leaf’ lettuce as affected by monochromic or mixed radiation provided by fluorescent lamp (FL) and light-emitting diode (LED). Scientia Horticulturae, 2014; 172: 168–175.
[38] Lin K H, Huang M Y, Huang W D, Hsu M H, Yang Z W, Yang C M. The effects of red, blue, and white light-emitting diodes on the growth, development, and edible quality of hydroponically grown lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. capitata). Scientia Horticulturae, 2013; 150: 86–91.
Horticultural Systems, 2012; 956: 37–49.
[2] Kozai T. Plant factory in Japan — current situation and perspectives. Chron. Horticult, 2013; 53(2): 8–11.
[3] Kozai T. Resource use efficiency of closed plant production system with artificial light: concept, estimation and application to plant factory. Proc Jpn Acad Ser B Phys Biol Sci, 2013; 89(10): 447–461.
[4] Salisbury F B, Bugbee B. Plant productivity in controlled environments. Symposium on Plant Productivity in Space. HortScience, 1988; 23: 293–299.
[5] Seaman A. Production guide for organic lettuce. New York State Integrated Pest Management Program, Cornell University (New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, NY), 2015.
[6] Kim H H, Goins G, Wheeler R, Sager J C. Stomatal conductance of lettuce grown under or exposed to different light qualities. Ann. Bot. (Lond.), 2004; 94: 691–697.
[7] Qian L, Kubota C. Effects of supplemental light quality on growth and phytochemicals of baby leaf lettuce. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 2009; 67: 59–64.
[8] Hiroshi S, Yuta S, Nakashima H, Miyasaka J, Ohdoi K. Light environment optimization for lettuce growth in plant factory. Preprints of the 18th IFAC World Congress, Milano (Italy), 2011; 18(1): 605–609.
[9] Zhong H B, Yang Q C, Liu W K. Effects of light quality on the accumulation of phytochemicals in vegetables produced in controlled environments: a review. J. Sci Food Agric, 2015; 95: 869–877.
[10] Lee H I, Kim Y H. Utilization efficiencies of electric energy and photosynthetically active radiation of lettuce grown under red led, blue led and fluorescent lamps with different photoperiods. J. of Biosystems Eng, 2013; 38(4): 279–286.
[11] Kobayashi K, Amore T, Lazaro M. Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs) for miniature hydroponic lettuce. Optics and Photonics Journal, 2013; 3(1): 74–77.
[12] Wang J, Lu W, Tong Y X, Yang Q C. Leaf morphology, photosynthetic performance, chlorophyll fluorescence, stomatal development of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) exposed to different ratios of red light to blue light. Frontiers in Plant Science, 2016; 7: 1–10.
[13] Gaudreau L, Charbonneau J, V´ezina L P, Gosselin A. Photoperiod and photosynthetic photon flux influence growth and quality of greenhouse grown lettuce. HortScience, 1994; 29: 1285–1289.
[14] Gruda N. Impact of environmental variables on product quality of greenhouse vegetables for fresh consumption. Crit. Rev. Plant Sci, 2005; 24: 227–247.
[15] Fu W, Li P P, Wu Y. Effects of different light intensities on chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics and yield in lettuce. Sci. Hort, 2012; 135: 45–51.
[16] Fu W, Li PP, Wu Y, Tang J. Effects of different light intensities on anti-oxidative enzyme activity, quality and biomass in lettuce. Hort. Sci, 2012; 39: 129–134.
[17] Fukuda N, Nishimura S, Fumiki Y. Effect of supplemental lighting during the period from middle of night to morning on photosynthesis and leaf thickness of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) and tsukena (Brassica campestris L.). Acta Hort, 2004; 633: 237–244.
[18] Kitaya Y, Niu G H, Kozai T, Ohashi M. Photosynthetic photon flux, photoperiod, and CO2 concentration affect growth and morphology of lettuce plug transplants. HortScience, 1998; 33(6): 988–991.
[19] Chang S C, Lee J G, Jang Y A, Lee S G, Oh S S, Lee H J. Effect of artificial light sources on growth and quality characteristics of leaf lettuce in closed plant factory system. Journal of Agriculture & Life Science, 2013; 47(6): 23–32.
[20] Jeong H K, Sugumaran, K K, Sarah L S A, Jeong B R, Seung J H. Light intensity and photoperiod Influence the growth and development of hydroponically grown leaf lettuce in a closed-type plant factory system. Hort. Environ. Biotechnol, 2013; 54(6): 501–509.
[21] Koontz HV, Prince RP. Effect of 16 and 24 hours daily radiation (light) on lettuce growth. HortScience, 1986; 21:123–124.
[22] Hiroki R, Shimizu H, Ito A, Nakashima H, Miyasaka J and Ohdoi K. Identifying the optimum light cycle for lettuce growth in a plant factory. Acta horticulturae, 2014; 1037: 863–868.
[23] Dorais M. The use of supplemental lighting for vegetable crop production: light intensity, crop response, nutrition, crop management, cultural practices. 2003 Canadian greenhouse conference.
[24] Zhang Z J, He D X, Niu G H, Gao R F. Concomitant CAM and C3
photosynthetic pathways in Dendrobium officinale plants. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci, 2014; 139(3): 290–298.
[25] Li H S. Experimental principle and technology of plant physiology and biochemistry. Higher Education Press, 2000; pp. 47–52. (in Chinese)
[26] Cao J K, Jiang W B, and Zhao Y M. Physiological and biochemical experimental guidance of fruits and vegetables. China Light Industry Press, 2007; pp.49. (in Chinese)
[27] Mao J Z, Qiu Q, Zhang F, Li N, Hu YG, Xue X Z. Impact of different photoperiods on the morphological index, quality and absorptive amount to ions of lettuce in fluorescent light source. Northern Horticulture, 2013; 15: 24–28. (in Chinese)
[28] Albright L D, Both A J, Chiu A. Controlling greenhouse light to a constant daily integral. Transactions of the ASAE, 2000; 43(2): 421–431.
[29] Both A J. Ten years of hydroponic lettuce research. 2001, Available at: <http://www.ecaa.ntu.edu.tw/weifang/lab551/vegetable/culturalpractice/ten% 20years%20of%20hydroponic%20lettuce%20research.pdf>.
[30] Scaife A, Schloemer S, The diurnal pattern of nitrate uptake and reduction by spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.). Annals of Botany, 1994; 73(3): 337–343.
[31] Gruda N. Impact of environmental variables on product quality of greenhouse vegetables for fresh consumption. Crit. Rev. Plant Sci, 2005; 24: 227–247.
[32] McCall D, Willumsen J. Effects of nitrogen availability and supplementary light on the nitrate content of soil-grown lettuce. The
Journal of Horticultural Science & Biotechnology, 1999; 74(4): 458–463.
[33] Aparna G, Kleinhenz M D, Scheerens J C, Ling P P. Anthocyanin levels in nine lettuce (lactuca sativa) cultivars: influence of planting data and relations among analytic, instrumented, and visual assessments of color. HortScience, 2007; 42(2): 232–238.
[34] Park J E, Park Y G, Jeong B R, Hwang S J. Growth and anthocyanin content of lettuce as affected by artificial light source and photoperiod in a closed-type plant production system. Kor. J. Hort. Sci. Technol., 2012; 30(6): 673–679.
[35] Zhon J, Seki T, Kinoshita S, Yoshida. Effect of light irradiation on anthocyanin production by suspended culture of Perilla frutecens. Biotechnol Bioeng, 1991; 38: 653–658.
[36] Bian Z H, Yang Q C, Liu W K. Effects of light quality on the accumulation of phytochemicals in vegetables produced in controlled environments: a review. J Sci Food Agric, 2015; 95(5): 869–877.
[37] Cheng X L, Guo W Z, Xue X Z, Wang L C. Growth and quality response of ‘Green Oak Leaf’ lettuce as affected by monochromic or mixed radiation provided by fluorescent lamp (FL) and light-emitting diode (LED). Scientia Horticulturae, 2014; 172: 168–175.
[38] Lin K H, Huang M Y, Huang W D, Hsu M H, Yang Z W, Yang C M. The effects of red, blue, and white light-emitting diodes on the growth, development, and edible quality of hydroponically grown lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. capitata). Scientia Horticulturae, 2013; 150: 86–91.
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2018-03-31
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Zhang, X., He, D., Niu, G., Yan, Z., & Song, J. (2018). Effects of environment lighting on the growth, photosynthesis, and quality of hydroponic lettuce in a plant factory. International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, 11(2), 33–40. Retrieved from https://ijabe.migration.pkpps03.publicknowledgeproject.org/index.php/ijabe/article/view/3420
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