Mechanical properties and finite element analysis of walnut under different cracking parts
Keywords:
walnut, mechanical damage, compression tests, mechanical properties, finite element analysisAbstract
In order to reduce mechanical damage and improve extraction quality of walnut kernel during walnut cracking, the Wen-185 walnut cultivar was selected as the research object, and the mechanical properties of walnut under different cracking parts were assessed by combining compression tests and finite element analysis (FEA) method. The compression test results showed that the relationships between rupture force and deformation of walnut were nonlinear, and the cracking process of shell mainly consisted of three stages (elastic stage, plastic stage and composite elastic-plastic stage). The best method to crack walnut was the spherical compression, and the peak value of rupture force and corresponding deformation were 211.83 N and 1.68 mm, respectively. In condition of spherical compression, the shell-breaking rate, first-grade kernel rate and whole kernel rate were (91.67±2.89)%, (88.33±2.89)%, (80.00±5.00)%, respectively. The FEA results indicated that spherical compression was also the suitable way to rupture walnut, which resulted in the obvious propagation trends of shell cracks and further a better integrity of extracting walnut kernel. Therefore, the spherical contact form between walnut and cracking parts may be considered to design the structural shape of key components of walnut cracking machines, which was consistent with the analysis of compression test results. The comparison between experiment results and FEA results showed that the established FEA model can be used to analyze the mechanical properties of walnut. The research results can provide references for the structural design and optimization of key components of cracking machines for walnut or other nut crops. Keywords: walnut, mechanical damage, compression tests, mechanical properties, finite element analysis DOI: 10.25165/j.ijabe.20181106.3309 Citation: Zhang H, Shen L Y, Lan H P, Li Y, Liu Y, Tang Y R, et al. Mechanical properties and finite element analysis of walnut under different cracking parts. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2018; 11(6): 81–88.References
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[22] Liu R K, Cheng X X, Xiao Z H, Li C Z, Huang Z H, Ye H Q. Finite element simulation on mechanical property of castor capsule during husking. Journal of the Chinese Cereals and Oils Association, 2015; 30(5): 62–66. (in Chinese)
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[25] Li Y, Zhang H, Hao Z C. Experiment on shell-breaking and kernel-fetching for Wen-185 walnut. Journal of Agricultural Mechanization Research, 2014; (7): 174–177. (in Chinese)
[26] Zhang H, Ma Y, Lan H P, Li Y, Zhang R L, Zhang R. Study on test of cracking walnut and fetching kernel of Xinjiang Wen 185. Journal of Anhui Agricultural Science, 2014; 42(21): 7187–7190. (in Chinese)
[27] Nahal A M, Arabhosseini A, Kianmehr M H. Separation of shelled walnut particles using pneumatic method. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2013; 6(3): 88–93.
[28] Shi J X, Zhao H J, Xin D J. Technology for breaking walnut shell based on finite element analysis. Transactions of the CSAE, 2005; 21(3): 185–188. (in Chinese)
[29] Zhou J, Shi J X. Finite element mechanics analysis for breaking walnut shell in gas explosion type. Journal of Agricultural Mechanization Research, 2014; (12): 65–69. (in Chinese)
[30] Liu M Z, Li C H, Zhang Y B, Jia D Z, Yang M, Hou Y L. Semi-theoretical analyses on mechanical performance of flexible-belt shearing extrusion walnut shell crushing. Appl Eng Agric, 2016; 32(4): 459–467.
[31] Berry J P. Some kinetic considerations of the Griffith criterion for fracture I: equations of motion at constant force. J Mech Phys Solids, 1960; 8(3): 194–206.
[32] Kate A E, Sarkar A, Shahi N C, Lohani U C. Cracking force analysis for apricot pit decortication based on mathematical model of Hertz’s theory. Int J Food Prop, 2015; 18(11): 2528–2538.
[33] Liu M Z, Li C H, Zhang Y B, Yang M, Hou Y L, Gao L X. Shell crushing mechanism analysis and performance test of flexible-belt shearing extrusion for walnut. Transactions of the CSAM, 2016; 47(7): 266–273. (in Chinese)
[2] FAO. Statistical database. http://faostat.fao.org. Accessed to web.
[3] Li Z X, Yang J, Yang L L, Yang Z Q, Liu K, Liu J, et al. The present status and trends of the processing for the featured forest fruits in southern Xinjiang. Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences, 2010; 47(11): 2177–2183. (in Chinese)
[4] Ghafari A, Chegini G R, Khazaei J, Vahdati K. Design, construction and performance evaluation of the walnut cracking. International Journal of Nut and Related Science, 2011; 2(1): 11–16.
[5] Cao C M, Sun S, Ding R, Li B, Wang S. Experimental study on mechanical characteristics of nut rupturing under impact loading. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2017; 10(1): 53–60.
[6] Lu B, Hu C, Wang X U, Tang X Y, Niu R K, Li C F. Compressive mechanical properties test and finite element analysis of winter jujube during crisp ripe period in South Xinjiang, China. IAEJ, 2016; 25(4): 245–256.
[7] Sharifian F, Derafshi M H. Mechanical behavior of walnut under cracking conditions. J Applied Sci, 2008; 8(5): 886–890.
[8] Gharibzahedi S M T, Mousavi S M, Hamedi M, Khodaiyan F, Dadashpour A. Mechanical behavior of Persian walnut and its kernel under compression loading: an experimental and computational study. J Food Process Preserv, 2012; 36(5): 423–430.
[9] Altuntas, E. The effects of moisture content, compression speeds, and axes on mechanical properties of walnut cultivars. Food Bioprocess Technol, 2011; 4(7): 1288–1295.
[10] Shahbazi F. Effective conditions for extracting higher quality kernels from walnuts. Qual Assur Saf Crop, 2013; 5(3): 199–206.
[11] Shahbazi F. Effects of moisture content and impact energy on the cracking characteristics of walnuts. Int J Food Eng, 2014; 10(1): 165–181.
[12] Braga G C, Couto S M, Hara T, Neto J T P A. Mechanical behaviour of macadamia nut under compression loading. J Agric Eng Res, 1999; 72(3): 239–245.
[13] Aktas T, Polat R, Atay U. Comparison of mechanical properties of some selected almond cultivars with hard and soft shell under compression loading. J Food Process Eng, 2010; 30(6): 773–789.
[14] Güner M, Dursun E, Dursun İ G. Mechanical behaviour of hazelnut under compression loading. Biosyst Eng, 2003; 85(4): 485–491.
[15] Liu Z, Scanlon M G. Modelling indentation of bread crumb by finite element analysis. Biosyst Eng, 2003; 85(4): 477–484.
[16] Dintwa E, Zeebroeck M V, Ramon H, Tijskens E. Finite element analysis of the dynamic collision of apple fruit. Postharvest Biol Tec, 2008; 49(2): 260–276.
[17] Kim G W, Do G S, Bae Y, Sagara Y. Analysis of mechanical properties of whole apple using finite element method based on three-dimensional real geometry. Food Sci Technol Res, 2009; 14(4): 329–336.
[18] Zhang R R, Li X Y, Wang W, Zhang J, Liu J. Analysis of mechanical properties of Chinese chestnut cracking based on the FEM. Transactions of the CSAE, 2008; 24(9): 84–88. (in Chinese)
[19] Sadrnia H, Rajabipour A, Jafari A, Javadi A, Mostofi Y, Kafashan J, Dintwa E, Baerdemaeker J D. Internal bruising prediction in watermelon compression using nonlinear models. J Food Eng, 2008; 86(2): 272–280.
[20] Abbaszadeh R, Rajabipour A, Sadrnia H, Mahjoob M J, Delshad M, Ahmadi H. Application of modal analysis to the watermelon through finite element modeling for use in ripeness assessment. J Food Eng, 2014; 127(4): 80–84.
[21] Li Z G, Li P P, Yang H L, Liu J Z. Internal mechanical damage prediction in tomato compression using multiscale finite element models. J Food Eng, 2013; 116(3): 639–647.
[22] Liu R K, Cheng X X, Xiao Z H, Li C Z, Huang Z H, Ye H Q. Finite element simulation on mechanical property of castor capsule during husking. Journal of the Chinese Cereals and Oils Association, 2015; 30(5): 62–66. (in Chinese)
[23] Tu C, Yang W, Yin Q J, Lv J L. Optimization of technical parameters of breaking macadamia nut shell and finite element analysis of compression characteristics. Transactions of the CSAE, 2015; 31(16): 272–277. (in Chinese)
[24] Shahbazi F. Effects of moisture content and impact energy on the cracking characteristics of walnuts. Int J Food Eng, 2014; 10(1): 165–181.
[25] Li Y, Zhang H, Hao Z C. Experiment on shell-breaking and kernel-fetching for Wen-185 walnut. Journal of Agricultural Mechanization Research, 2014; (7): 174–177. (in Chinese)
[26] Zhang H, Ma Y, Lan H P, Li Y, Zhang R L, Zhang R. Study on test of cracking walnut and fetching kernel of Xinjiang Wen 185. Journal of Anhui Agricultural Science, 2014; 42(21): 7187–7190. (in Chinese)
[27] Nahal A M, Arabhosseini A, Kianmehr M H. Separation of shelled walnut particles using pneumatic method. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2013; 6(3): 88–93.
[28] Shi J X, Zhao H J, Xin D J. Technology for breaking walnut shell based on finite element analysis. Transactions of the CSAE, 2005; 21(3): 185–188. (in Chinese)
[29] Zhou J, Shi J X. Finite element mechanics analysis for breaking walnut shell in gas explosion type. Journal of Agricultural Mechanization Research, 2014; (12): 65–69. (in Chinese)
[30] Liu M Z, Li C H, Zhang Y B, Jia D Z, Yang M, Hou Y L. Semi-theoretical analyses on mechanical performance of flexible-belt shearing extrusion walnut shell crushing. Appl Eng Agric, 2016; 32(4): 459–467.
[31] Berry J P. Some kinetic considerations of the Griffith criterion for fracture I: equations of motion at constant force. J Mech Phys Solids, 1960; 8(3): 194–206.
[32] Kate A E, Sarkar A, Shahi N C, Lohani U C. Cracking force analysis for apricot pit decortication based on mathematical model of Hertz’s theory. Int J Food Prop, 2015; 18(11): 2528–2538.
[33] Liu M Z, Li C H, Zhang Y B, Yang M, Hou Y L, Gao L X. Shell crushing mechanism analysis and performance test of flexible-belt shearing extrusion for walnut. Transactions of the CSAM, 2016; 47(7): 266–273. (in Chinese)
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Published
2018-12-08
How to Cite
Zhang, H., Shen, L., Lan, H., Li, Y., Liu, Y., Tang, Y., & Li, W. (2018). Mechanical properties and finite element analysis of walnut under different cracking parts. International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, 11(6), 81–88. Retrieved from https://ijabe.migration.pkpps03.publicknowledgeproject.org/index.php/ijabe/article/view/3309
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Power and Machinery Systems
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