Research progress of siloxane removal from biogas
Keywords:
biogas, purification, siloxane removal, activated carbon adsorption, physical and chemical absorption, biological removalAbstract
Siloxanes in biogas are detrimental to engine, turbine, fuel cell, etc., thus it is necessary to remove siloxanes from biogas before biogas high-value utilization. At present, there are few domestic researches and related reports in view of siloxanes removal from biogas. This paper introduces the property of siloxanes as well as sampling and analysis method, and then presents the research progress of siloxanes removal from biogas. Three commercial technologies overseas are adsorption, absorption and cryogenic condensation. Among them, adsorption on activated carbon is the most widely used method. Other technologies, such as biological removal, catalytic processes, membranes, source controlling, etc. are under exploration and development. At last, this paper summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of siloxanes removal technologies as well as the applicability and analyzes the future research trend and emphasis. This paper could provide a reference in the field of biogas high-value utilization. Keywords: biogas, purification, siloxane removal, activated carbon adsorption, physical and chemical absorption, biological removal DOI: 10.3965/j.ijabe.20171001.3043 Citation: Gao R L, Cheng S K, Li Z F. Research progress of siloxane removal from biogas. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2017; 10(1): 30–39.References
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[2] Yao P, Boardman G D, Li E T. Research progress for removing siloxane from biogas by adsorption. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2016; 35(2): 604–611. (in Chinese)
[3] Ajhar M, Travesset M, Yüce S, Melin T. Siloxane removal from landfill and digester gas: A technology overview. Bioresource Technology, 2010; 101: 2913–2923.
[4] Rasi S, Läntelä J, Rintala J. Trace compounds affecting biogas energy utilisation: A review. Energy Conversion and Management, 2011; 52: 3369–3375.
[5] Zhang S L, Wu L H. The research progress of environmental distribution, behavior and effects of cyclic methylsiloxanes. Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology, 2016; 11(3): 72–85. (in Chinese)
[6] Cheng Y, Shoeib M, Ahrens L, Harner T, Ma J. Wastewater treatment plants and landfills emit volatile methyl siloxanes (VMSs) to the atmosphere: Investigations using a new passive air sampler. Environmental Pollution, 2011; 159: 2380–2386.
[7] Rasi S, Lantela J, Veijanen A, Rintala J. Landfill gas upgrading with countercurrent water wash. Waste Management, 2008; 28: 1528–1534.
[8] Zheng M, Wu W M, Chi L N, Wang C W. Distribution, migration and transformation of siloxanes in environment and its impact on biogas application. Acta Science Circumstantiae, 2015; 35(10): 3050–3056. (in Chinese)
[9] Surita S C, Tansel B. Emergence and fate of cyclic volatile polydimethylsiloxanes (D4, D5) in municipal waste stream: Release mechanisms, partitioning and persistence in air, water, solid and sediments. Science of the Total Environment, 2014; 468-469: 46–52.
[10] Schweigkofler M, Niessner R. Removal of siloxanes in biogases. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2001; 83(3): 183–196.
[11] Liu N N, Shi Y L, Li W H, Xu L, Cai Y Q. Concentrations and distribution of synthetic musks and siloxanes in sewages sludge of wastewater treatment plants in China. Science of the Total Environment, 2014; 476-477: 65–72.
[12] Rasi S, Lehtinen J, Rintala J. Determination of organic silicon compounds in biogas from wastewater treatments plants, landfills, and co-digestion plants. Renewable Energy, 2010; 35: 2666–2673.
[13] Bletsou A A, Asimakopoulos A G, Stasinakis A S, Thomaidis N S, Kannan K. Mass loading and fate of liner and cyclic siloxanes in a wastewater treatment plant in Greece. Environmental Science and Technology, 2013; 47(4): 1824–1832.
[14] Cao Z R, Yang S S, Chen Y, Zheng X P. Features of siloxanes in biogas and its research advance in sewage treatment. Environmental Engineering, 2014; 32(8): 48–52.
[15] USEPA. Siloxane D5 in Drycleaning Applications. USA, Environmental Protection Agency, 2005.
[16] Ajhar M, Wens B, Stollenwerk K H, Spalding G, Yüce S, Melin T. Suitability of Tedlar® gas sampling bags for siloxane quantification in landfill gas. Talanta, 2010; 82: 92–98.
[17] Clark C, Zytner R G, Mcbean E. Analyzing volatile organic siloxanes in landfill biogas. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 2012; 39: 667–673.
[18] Sharon C S, Berrin T. A multiphase analysis of partitioning and hazard index characteristics of siloxanes in biosolids. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2014; 102: 79–83.
[19] Dewil R, Appel S L. Energy use of biogas hampered by the presence of siloxanes. Energy Convers. Manage., 2006; 47(13/14): 1711–1722.
[20] Grumping R, Mikolajczak D, Hirner A. Determination of trimethylsilanol in the environment by LT-GC/ICP-OES and GC-MS. Fresenius’ Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 1998; 361: 133–139.
[21] Hayes H, Graening G, Saeed S, Kao S. A summary of available analytical methods for the determination of siloxanes in biogas. Presentation at SWANA LFG Symposium, Tampa, Florida, 2003.
[22] Arnold M, Kajolinna T. Development of on-line measurement techniques for siloxanes and other trace compounds in biogas. Waste Management, 2010; 30: 1011–1017.
[23] Yang S S, Chen Y, Huang Y, Cao Z R. Source of siloxane in biogas and its removal. China Water and Wastewater, 2013; 29(20): 19–21. (in Chinese).
[24] Rossol D, Schmelz K G, Hohmann R. Siloxane im Faulgas. KA-Abwasser Abfall, 2003; 8: 8.
[25] Matsui T, Imamura S. Removal of siloxane from digestion gas of sewage sludge. Bioresource Technology, 2010; 101: S29–S32.
[26] Boulinguiez B, Le Cloirec P. Biogas pre-upgrading by adsorption of trace compounds onto granular activated carbons and an activated carbon fiber cloth. Water Science and Technology, 2009; 59: 935–944.
[27] Finocchio E, Garuti G, Baldi M, Busca G. Decomposition of hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane over solid oxides. Chemosphere, 2008; 72, 1659–1663.
[28] Sangchul N, Wan N, Kang J H, Park J K, Namhoon L. Adsorption characteristics of siloxanes in landfill gas by the adsorption equilibrium test. Waste Management, 2013; 33: 2091–2098.
[29] Alba C C, Miguel A, Manuel S P, Maria J, Rafael G O. Biogas upgrading: optimal activated carbon properties for siloxanes removal. Environmental Science and Technology, 2014; 48: 7187–7195.
[30] Wheless E, Pierce J. Siloxanes in landfill and digester gas update. Proceedings of the 27th SWANA Landfill Gas Symposium. San Antonio, TX: Silver Springs, March 22–25, 2004.
[31] Urban W, Lohmann H, Gomez J I S. Catalytically upgraded landfill gas as a cost-effective alternative for fuel cells. Journal of Power Sources, 2009; 193: 359–366.
[32] Xu H P, Zhang X D, Jin F Q, Hua D L, Zhang J, Li Y. Progress on technology of siloxane removal from biogas. China Biogas, 2012; 30(6): 18–22. (in Chinese)
[33] Montanari T, Finocchio E, Bozzano I, Garuti G, Giordano A, Pistarino C, et al. Purification of landfill biogases from siloxanes by adsorption: a study of silica and 13X zeolite adsorbents on hexamethylcyclotirsiloxane separation. Chemical Engineering J., 2010; 165(3): 859–863.
[34] Ryckebosch E, Drouillon M, Vervaeren H. Techniques for transformation of biogas to biomethane. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2011; 35: 1633–1645.
[35] Huppmann R, Lohoff HW, Schroder H F. Cyclic siloxanes in the biological waste water treatment process- determination, quantification and possibilities of elimination. Fr J Anal Chem, 1996; 354: 66–71.
[36] Stoddart J, Zhu M, Staines J, Rothery E, Lewicki R. Experience with halogenated hydrocarbons removal from landfill gas. Proceedings Sardinia 1999, Seventh International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium, 1999; 2: 489–498.
[37] Hagmann, Hesse E, Hentschel P. Purification of biogas- removal of volatile silicones. Eight international waste management and landfill symposium. Sardinia: CISA, 2001: 641–644.
[38] Accettola F, Guebitz G M, Schoeftner R. Siloxane removal from biogas by biofiltration: biodegradation studies. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, 2008; 10: 211–218.
[39] Popat S C, Deshusses M A. Biological removal of siloxanes from landfill and digester gases: Opportunities and challenges. Environmental Science & Technology, 2008; 42(22): 8510–8515.
[40] Xu L, Shi Y L, Cai Y Q. Occurrence and fate of volatile siloxanes in a municipal wastewater treatment plant of Beijing, China. Water Research, 2013; 47(2): 715–724.
[41] Albertsen A. Silicium im Deponiegas- Risikominderung durch Vorbehandlung, 1998; pp.367–384.
[42] Ajhar M, Bannwarth S, Stollenwerk K, Spalding G, Yüce S, Wessling M, et al. Siloxane removal using silicone-rubber membranes. Separation and Purification Technology, 2012; 89: 234–244.
[43] Ajhar M, Melin T. Siloxane Removal with Gas Permeation Membranes. Desalination, 2006; 200: 234–235.
[44] Appels L, Baeyens J, Dewil R. Siloxane removal from biosolids by peroxidation. Energy Conversion and Management, 2008; 49: 2859–2864.
[45] Klingel M, Hahn H H, Hoffmann E. Ausgasungsverhalten von siloxan in der Klarschlammfaulung. Max-Buchner- Forschungsstiftung, 2002: 6.
[46] Beese J. Betriebsorptimierung der motorischen gasverwertung durch den einsatz von gasreinigungsanlagen. Presentation at Deponiegas 2007. F H Trier Saska: Si-loxa Engineering AG, 2007.
[47] Wheless G. Siloxanes in landfill gas and degester. SWANA Landfill Gas Symposium, USA, 2002.
[2] Yao P, Boardman G D, Li E T. Research progress for removing siloxane from biogas by adsorption. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2016; 35(2): 604–611. (in Chinese)
[3] Ajhar M, Travesset M, Yüce S, Melin T. Siloxane removal from landfill and digester gas: A technology overview. Bioresource Technology, 2010; 101: 2913–2923.
[4] Rasi S, Läntelä J, Rintala J. Trace compounds affecting biogas energy utilisation: A review. Energy Conversion and Management, 2011; 52: 3369–3375.
[5] Zhang S L, Wu L H. The research progress of environmental distribution, behavior and effects of cyclic methylsiloxanes. Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology, 2016; 11(3): 72–85. (in Chinese)
[6] Cheng Y, Shoeib M, Ahrens L, Harner T, Ma J. Wastewater treatment plants and landfills emit volatile methyl siloxanes (VMSs) to the atmosphere: Investigations using a new passive air sampler. Environmental Pollution, 2011; 159: 2380–2386.
[7] Rasi S, Lantela J, Veijanen A, Rintala J. Landfill gas upgrading with countercurrent water wash. Waste Management, 2008; 28: 1528–1534.
[8] Zheng M, Wu W M, Chi L N, Wang C W. Distribution, migration and transformation of siloxanes in environment and its impact on biogas application. Acta Science Circumstantiae, 2015; 35(10): 3050–3056. (in Chinese)
[9] Surita S C, Tansel B. Emergence and fate of cyclic volatile polydimethylsiloxanes (D4, D5) in municipal waste stream: Release mechanisms, partitioning and persistence in air, water, solid and sediments. Science of the Total Environment, 2014; 468-469: 46–52.
[10] Schweigkofler M, Niessner R. Removal of siloxanes in biogases. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2001; 83(3): 183–196.
[11] Liu N N, Shi Y L, Li W H, Xu L, Cai Y Q. Concentrations and distribution of synthetic musks and siloxanes in sewages sludge of wastewater treatment plants in China. Science of the Total Environment, 2014; 476-477: 65–72.
[12] Rasi S, Lehtinen J, Rintala J. Determination of organic silicon compounds in biogas from wastewater treatments plants, landfills, and co-digestion plants. Renewable Energy, 2010; 35: 2666–2673.
[13] Bletsou A A, Asimakopoulos A G, Stasinakis A S, Thomaidis N S, Kannan K. Mass loading and fate of liner and cyclic siloxanes in a wastewater treatment plant in Greece. Environmental Science and Technology, 2013; 47(4): 1824–1832.
[14] Cao Z R, Yang S S, Chen Y, Zheng X P. Features of siloxanes in biogas and its research advance in sewage treatment. Environmental Engineering, 2014; 32(8): 48–52.
[15] USEPA. Siloxane D5 in Drycleaning Applications. USA, Environmental Protection Agency, 2005.
[16] Ajhar M, Wens B, Stollenwerk K H, Spalding G, Yüce S, Melin T. Suitability of Tedlar® gas sampling bags for siloxane quantification in landfill gas. Talanta, 2010; 82: 92–98.
[17] Clark C, Zytner R G, Mcbean E. Analyzing volatile organic siloxanes in landfill biogas. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 2012; 39: 667–673.
[18] Sharon C S, Berrin T. A multiphase analysis of partitioning and hazard index characteristics of siloxanes in biosolids. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2014; 102: 79–83.
[19] Dewil R, Appel S L. Energy use of biogas hampered by the presence of siloxanes. Energy Convers. Manage., 2006; 47(13/14): 1711–1722.
[20] Grumping R, Mikolajczak D, Hirner A. Determination of trimethylsilanol in the environment by LT-GC/ICP-OES and GC-MS. Fresenius’ Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 1998; 361: 133–139.
[21] Hayes H, Graening G, Saeed S, Kao S. A summary of available analytical methods for the determination of siloxanes in biogas. Presentation at SWANA LFG Symposium, Tampa, Florida, 2003.
[22] Arnold M, Kajolinna T. Development of on-line measurement techniques for siloxanes and other trace compounds in biogas. Waste Management, 2010; 30: 1011–1017.
[23] Yang S S, Chen Y, Huang Y, Cao Z R. Source of siloxane in biogas and its removal. China Water and Wastewater, 2013; 29(20): 19–21. (in Chinese).
[24] Rossol D, Schmelz K G, Hohmann R. Siloxane im Faulgas. KA-Abwasser Abfall, 2003; 8: 8.
[25] Matsui T, Imamura S. Removal of siloxane from digestion gas of sewage sludge. Bioresource Technology, 2010; 101: S29–S32.
[26] Boulinguiez B, Le Cloirec P. Biogas pre-upgrading by adsorption of trace compounds onto granular activated carbons and an activated carbon fiber cloth. Water Science and Technology, 2009; 59: 935–944.
[27] Finocchio E, Garuti G, Baldi M, Busca G. Decomposition of hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane over solid oxides. Chemosphere, 2008; 72, 1659–1663.
[28] Sangchul N, Wan N, Kang J H, Park J K, Namhoon L. Adsorption characteristics of siloxanes in landfill gas by the adsorption equilibrium test. Waste Management, 2013; 33: 2091–2098.
[29] Alba C C, Miguel A, Manuel S P, Maria J, Rafael G O. Biogas upgrading: optimal activated carbon properties for siloxanes removal. Environmental Science and Technology, 2014; 48: 7187–7195.
[30] Wheless E, Pierce J. Siloxanes in landfill and digester gas update. Proceedings of the 27th SWANA Landfill Gas Symposium. San Antonio, TX: Silver Springs, March 22–25, 2004.
[31] Urban W, Lohmann H, Gomez J I S. Catalytically upgraded landfill gas as a cost-effective alternative for fuel cells. Journal of Power Sources, 2009; 193: 359–366.
[32] Xu H P, Zhang X D, Jin F Q, Hua D L, Zhang J, Li Y. Progress on technology of siloxane removal from biogas. China Biogas, 2012; 30(6): 18–22. (in Chinese)
[33] Montanari T, Finocchio E, Bozzano I, Garuti G, Giordano A, Pistarino C, et al. Purification of landfill biogases from siloxanes by adsorption: a study of silica and 13X zeolite adsorbents on hexamethylcyclotirsiloxane separation. Chemical Engineering J., 2010; 165(3): 859–863.
[34] Ryckebosch E, Drouillon M, Vervaeren H. Techniques for transformation of biogas to biomethane. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2011; 35: 1633–1645.
[35] Huppmann R, Lohoff HW, Schroder H F. Cyclic siloxanes in the biological waste water treatment process- determination, quantification and possibilities of elimination. Fr J Anal Chem, 1996; 354: 66–71.
[36] Stoddart J, Zhu M, Staines J, Rothery E, Lewicki R. Experience with halogenated hydrocarbons removal from landfill gas. Proceedings Sardinia 1999, Seventh International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium, 1999; 2: 489–498.
[37] Hagmann, Hesse E, Hentschel P. Purification of biogas- removal of volatile silicones. Eight international waste management and landfill symposium. Sardinia: CISA, 2001: 641–644.
[38] Accettola F, Guebitz G M, Schoeftner R. Siloxane removal from biogas by biofiltration: biodegradation studies. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, 2008; 10: 211–218.
[39] Popat S C, Deshusses M A. Biological removal of siloxanes from landfill and digester gases: Opportunities and challenges. Environmental Science & Technology, 2008; 42(22): 8510–8515.
[40] Xu L, Shi Y L, Cai Y Q. Occurrence and fate of volatile siloxanes in a municipal wastewater treatment plant of Beijing, China. Water Research, 2013; 47(2): 715–724.
[41] Albertsen A. Silicium im Deponiegas- Risikominderung durch Vorbehandlung, 1998; pp.367–384.
[42] Ajhar M, Bannwarth S, Stollenwerk K, Spalding G, Yüce S, Wessling M, et al. Siloxane removal using silicone-rubber membranes. Separation and Purification Technology, 2012; 89: 234–244.
[43] Ajhar M, Melin T. Siloxane Removal with Gas Permeation Membranes. Desalination, 2006; 200: 234–235.
[44] Appels L, Baeyens J, Dewil R. Siloxane removal from biosolids by peroxidation. Energy Conversion and Management, 2008; 49: 2859–2864.
[45] Klingel M, Hahn H H, Hoffmann E. Ausgasungsverhalten von siloxan in der Klarschlammfaulung. Max-Buchner- Forschungsstiftung, 2002: 6.
[46] Beese J. Betriebsorptimierung der motorischen gasverwertung durch den einsatz von gasreinigungsanlagen. Presentation at Deponiegas 2007. F H Trier Saska: Si-loxa Engineering AG, 2007.
[47] Wheless G. Siloxanes in landfill gas and degester. SWANA Landfill Gas Symposium, USA, 2002.
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2017-01-23
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Ruiling, G., Shikun, C., & Zifu, L. (2017). Research progress of siloxane removal from biogas. International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, 10(1), 30–39. Retrieved from https://ijabe.migration.pkpps03.publicknowledgeproject.org/index.php/ijabe/article/view/3043
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