Evaluating system of rice intensification using a modified transplanter: A smart farming solution toward sustainability of paddy fields in Malaysia
Keywords:
system of rice intensification, sustainable cultivation, smart farming, modified transplanter, paddy fields, MalaysiaAbstract
This paper presents the study reports on evaluating a new transplanting operation by taking into accounts the interactions between soil, plant, and machine in line with the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) practices. The objective was to modify planting claw (kuku-kambing) of a paddy transplanter in compliance with SRI guidelines to determine the best planting spacing (S), seed rate (G) and planting pattern that results in a maximum number of seedling, tillers per hill, and yield. Two separate experiments were carried out in two different paddy fields, one to determine the best planting spacing (S=4 levels: s1=0.16 m×0.3 m, s2= 0.18 m×0.3 m, s3=0.21 m×0.3 m, and s4=0.24 m×0.3 m) for a specific planting pattern (row mat or scattered planting pattern), and the other to determine the best combination of spacing with seed rate treatments (G=2 levels: g1=75 g/tray, and g2= 240 g/tray). Main SRI management practices such as soil characteristics of the sites, planting depth, missing hill, hill population, the number of seedling per hill, and yield components were evaluated. Results of two-way analysis of variance with three replications showed that spacing, planting pattern and seed rate affected the number of one-seedling in all experiment. It was also observed that the increase in spacing resulted in more tillers and more panicle per plant, however hill population and sterility ratio increased with the decrease in spacing. While the maximum number of panicles were resulted from scattered planting at s4=0.24 m×0.3 m spacing with the seed rate of g1=75 g/tray, the maximum number of one seedling were observed at s4=0.16 m×0.3 m. The highest and lowest yields were obtained from 75 g seeds per tray scattered and 70 g seeds per tray scattered treatment respectively. For all treatments, the result clearly indicates an increase in yield with an increase in spacing. Keywords: system of rice intensification, sustainable cultivation, smart farming, modified transplanter, paddy fields, Malaysia DOI: 10.25165/j.ijabe.20191202.2999 Citation: Shamshiri R R, Ibrahim B, Balasundram S K, Taheri S, Weltzien C. Evaluating system of rice intensification using a modified transplanter: A smart farming solution toward sustainability of paddy fields in Malaysia. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2019; 12(2): 54–67.References
Papademetriou M K. Rice production in the Asia-Pacific region: issues and perspectives. Bridg. rice yield gap Asia-Pacific Reg. MK Papademetriou, FJ Dent, EM Herath), 2000; pp.4–25.
[2] de Laulanié H. Technical Presentation of the System of Rice Intensification, based on Katayama’s Tillering model. Tropicultura, 1993; 22p.
[3] Gujja B, Thiyagarajan T M. New Hope for Indian Food Security?: The System of Rice Intensification. International Institute for Environment and Development London, 2009.
[4] Shamshiri R R, Ibrahim B, Ahmad D, Man H C, Wayayok A. An overview of the system of rice intensification for paddy fields of Malaysia. Indian J. Sci. Technol., 2018; 11(18).
[5] Amir U, Willem K, Norman S. Review of SRI modifications on rice crop and water management and research issues for making futher improvements in agricultural and water productivity. Paddy water Env., 2011; 9: 163–180.
[6] Uphoff N, Kassam A. Case study: System of rice intensification. Final report Agricultural Technologies for Developing Countries STOA Project “Agricultural Technologies for developing countries”, FAO, Rome, 2009; pp.1–65.
[7] Sharif A. Technical adaptations for mechanized SRI production to achieve water saving and increased profitability in Punjab, Pakistan. Paddy Water Environ., 2011; 9(1): 111–119.
[8] Ling J, Teng Z S, Lin H J. Improved method for prediction of milled rice moisture content based on Weibull distribution. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2018; 11(3): 159–165.
[9] Yu J X, Ren Y, Xu T, Li W, Xiong M T, Zhang T L, et al. Physicochemical water quality parameters in typical rice-crayfish integrated systems (RCIS) in China. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2018; 11(3): 54–60.
[10] Yang L, Zhao F, Chang Q, Li T, Li F. Effects of vermicomposts on tomato yield and quality and soil fertility in greenhouse under different soil water regimes. Agric. Water Manag., 2015; 160: 98–105.
[11] Rowshon M K, Iqbal M, Mojid M A, Amin M S M, Lai S H. Optimization of equitable irrigation water delivery for a large-scale rice irrigation scheme. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2018; 11(5): 160–166.
[12] Choudhary R L, Dinesh K, Shivay Y S, Geeta S, Nain S. Performance of rice (Oryza sativa) hybrids grown by the system of rice intensification with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria. Indian J. Agric. Sci., 2010; 80(10): 917–920.
[13] Mishra J S, Singh V P, Bhanu C, Subrahmanyam D. Crop establishment, tillage and weed management techniques on weed dynamics and productivity of rice (Oryza sativa)–chickpea (Cicer arietinum) cropping system. Indian J. Agric. Sci., 2012; 82(1).
[14] Dixit A, Khurana R, Singh J, Singh G. Comparative performance of different paddy transplanters developed in India-A Review. Practice, 2007; 28(4).
[15] Zhang M H, Wang Z M, Luo X W, Zang Y, Yang W W, Xing H, et al. Review of precision rice hill-drop drilling technology and machine for paddy. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2018; 11(3): 1–11.
[16] Yin X, Du J, Noguchi N, Yang T X, Jin C Q. Development of autonomous navigation system for rice transplanter. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2018; 11(6): 89–94.
[17] Wang B L, Luo X W, Wang Z M, Zheng L, Zhang M H, Dai Y Z, et al. Design and field evaluation of hill-drop pneumatic central cylinder direct-seeding machine for hybrid rice. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2018; 11(6): 33–40.
[18] Li J Y, Lan Y B, Zhou Z Y, Zeng S, Huang C, Yao W X, et al. Design and test of operation parameters for rice air broadcasting by unmanned aerial vehicle. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2016; 9(5): 24–32.
[19] Zhang G Z, Zang Y, Luo X W, Wang Z M, Zhang Q, Zhang S S. Design and indoor simulated experiment of pneumatic rice seed drilling metering device. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2015; 8(4): 10–18.
[20] Chen Q, He A, Wang W, Peng S, Huang J, Cui K, Nie L. Comparisons of regeneration rate and yields performance between inbred and hybrid rice cultivars in a direct seeding rice-ratoon rice system in central China. F. Crop. Res., 2018; 223: 164–170.
[21] Hasanuzzaman M, Rahman M L, Roy T S, Ahmed J U, Zobaer A S M. Plant characters, yield components and yield of late transplanted Aman rice as affected by plant spacing and number of seedling per hill. Adv. Biol. Res. (Rennes)., 2009; 3(5-6): 201–207.
[22] Hossain M S, Mamun A A, Basak R, Newaj M N, Anam M K. Effect of cultivar and spacing on weed infestation and performance of transplanted aman rice in Bangladesh. Pakistan J. Agron, 2003; 2(3): 169–178.
[23] Chauhan B S, Johnson D E. Implications of narrow crop row spacing and delayed Echinochloa colona and Echinochloa crus-galli emergence for weed growth and crop yield loss in aerobic rice. F. Crop. Res., 2010; 117(2-3): 177–182.
[24] Dass A, Shekhawat K, Choudhary A K, Sepat S, Rathore S S, Mahajan G, Chauhan B S. Weed management in rice using crop competition-a review. Crop Prot., 2017; 95: 45–52.
[25] Thakur A K, Mandal K G, Mohanty R K, Ambast S K. Rice root growth, photosynthesis, yield and water productivity improvements through modifying cultivation practices and water management. Agric. Water Manag., 2018; 206: 67–77.
[26] Tomar R, Singh N B, Singh V, Kumar D. Effect of planting methods and integrated nutrient management on growth parameters, yield and economics of rice. J. Pharmacogn. Phytochem., 2018; 7(2): 520–527.
[27] Yamane K, Araki C, Watanabe Y, Iijima M. Close mixed planting with pearl millet improves drought tolerance in rice by the increased access to deep water. Plant Soil, 2018; 423(1–2): 397–410.
[28] Kandil A A, El-Kalla S E, Badawi A T, El-Shayb O M. Effect of hill spacing, nitrogen levels and harvest date on rice productivity and grain quality. Crop Environ., 2010; 1(1): 22–26.
[29] Chauhan B S, Johnson D E. Row spacing and weed control timing affect yield of aerobic rice. F. Crop. Res., 2011; 121(2): 226–231.
[30] Chauhan B S, Singh V P, Kumar A, Johnson D E. Relations of rice seeding rates to crop and weed growth in aerobic rice. F. Crop. Res., 2011; 121(1): 105–115.
[31] Zhao H X, Wang X X, Guio Z H, Huang X Q, Liu H L. Effects of row-spacing on canopy structure and yield in different plant type rice cultivars,” J. Northeast Agric. Univ. (English Ed.) , 2012; 19(4): 11–19.
[32] Bhowmik S K, Sarkar M A R, Zaman F. Effect of spacing and number of seedlings per hill on the performance of aus rice cv. NERICA 1 under dry direct seeded rice (DDSR) system of cultivation. J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ, 2012; 10(2): 191–195.
[33] Singh K, Singh S R, Singh J K, Rathore R S, Singh S P, Roy R. Effect of age of seedling and spacing on yield, economics, soil health and digestibility of rice (Oryza sativa) genotypes under system of rice intensification. Indian J. Agric. Sci., 2013; 83(5): 479–483.
[34] Chauhan B S, Opeña J L. Effect of plant spacing on growth and grain yield of soybean. American Journal of Plant Sciences, 2013; 2013: 2011–2014. DOI: 10.4236/ajps.2013.410251.
[35] Moro B, Nuhu I, Martin E. Effect of spacing on grain yield and yield attributes of three rice (Oryza sativa L.) Varieties Grown in Rain-fed Lowland Ecosystem in Ghana. Int. J. Plant Soil Sci., 2016; 9(3): 1–10.
[36] Krishna A, Biradarpatil N K. Influence of seedling age and spacing on seed yield and quality of short duration rice under system of rice intensification cultivation. Karnataka J. Agric. Sci., 2009; 22(1): 53–55.
[37] Salem A K M. Effect of nitrogen levels, plant spacing and time of farmyard manure application on the productivity of rice. J. Appl. Sci. Res., 2006; 2(11): 980–987.
[38] Bozorgi H R, Faraji A, Danesh R K, Keshavarz A, Azarpour E, Tarighi F. Effect of plant density on yield and yield components of rice. World Appl. Sci. J., 2011; 12(11): 2053–2057.
[39] Li L H, Wan C, Zhang X Y, Li G Y. Improvement and optimization of preparation process of seedling-growing bowl tray made of paddy straw. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2014; 7(4): 13–22.
[40] Xu C L, Zhang C L, Li L H, Li M J. Optimization of working parameters for puddling and flatting machine in paddy field. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2016; 9(3): 88–96.
[41] Lakitan B, Hadi B, Herlinda S, Siaga E, Widuri L I, Kartika K, et al. Recognizing farmers’ practices and constraints for intensifying rice production at Riparian Wetlands in Indonesia. NJAS-Wageningen J. Life Sci., 2018; 85: 10-20.
[42] Mobasser H R, Delarestaghi M M, Khorgami A, Tari B D, Pourkalhor H. Effect of planting density on agronomical characteristics of rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties in North of Iran. Pak. J. Biol. Sci, 2007; 10(18): 3205–3209.
[43] Donkor E, Owusu V, Owusu-Sekyere E, Ogundeji A. The Adoption of Farm Innovations among Rice Producers in Northern Ghana: Implications for Sustainable Rice Supply. Agriculture, 2018; 8(8): 121.
[44] Towa J J, Guo X P. Effects of irrigation and weed-control methods on growth of weed and rice. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2014; 7(5): 22–33.
[45] Omin E, Shayeb M A. Agronomic study on rice crop. MSc thesis, Mansoura Univ. Egypt, 2003; 164p.
[46] Islam H M D, Hossain S M A. Effect of fertilization and planting density on the yield of two varieties of fine rice. Pakistan J. Biol. Sci., 2002; 5(5): 511–513.
[47] Zahran H A A. Response of some rice cultivars to different spaces among hills and rows under saline soil conditions. Master Sci. Thesis, Facator Agric. Mansoura Univ. Egypt, 2000.
[48] Bassal S A A, Zahran F A. Effect of farmyard manure, bio and mineral nitrogen fertilizer and hill spaces on rice crop productivity. J. Agric. Sci. Mansoura Univ, 2002; 27(4): 1975–1988.
[49] Durairaj G. Design, development and field evaluation of manually operated rice transplanter for system of rice intensification. Int. J. Agric. Environ. Biotechnol., 2015; 8(3): 735.
[50] Neog P, Dihingia P C, Sarma P K, Sankar G R M, Sarmah D, Sarmah M K, et al. Different levels of energy use and corresponding output energy in paddy cultivation in North Bank Plain Zone of Assam, India,” Indian J. Dryl. Agric. Res. Dev, 2015; 30(2): 84–92.
[51] Shukla U N, Srivastava V K, Singh S, Sen A, Kumar V. Growth, yield and economic potential of rice (oryza sativa) as influenced by different age of seedlings, cultivars and weed management under system of rice intensification. Indian J. Agric. Sci., 2014; 84(5): 80–88.
[52] Jabatan Pertanian Semenanjung Malaysia. Perangkaan Padi Malaysia., 2015; pp.1–106.
[53] Fornace K M, Abidin T R, Alexander N, Brock P, Grigg M J, Murphy A, et al. Association between landscape factors and spatial patterns of Plasmodium knowlesi infections in Sabah, Malaysia. Emerg. Infect. Dis., 2016; 22(2): 201.
[54] Thakur A K, Uphoff N T, Stoop W A. Scientific Underpinnings of the System of Rice Intensification (SRI): What is known so far? in Advances in Agronomy, Elsevier, 2016; 135: 147–179.
[55] Gardner W H. Water content. Methods of soil analysis: Part 1. Physical and mineralogical properties, including statistics of measurement and sampling, ed. CA. Black. Am. Soc. Agron. Madison, Wisconsin, 1983; 82: 127.
[56] ASTMD5435 - 13: Standard Test Method for Diagnostic Soil Test for Plant Growth and Food Chain Protection, 1998.
[57] Blake G R, Hartge K H. Bulk Density 1. Methods soil analysis, Part 1: physical and mineralogical methods (2nd edition), A. Klute, Ed., 1986, American Society of Agronomy, Agronomy Monographs 9(1), Madison, Wisconsin, 1986; pp.363–375.
[58] Ryan J, Estefan G, Rashid A. Soil and plant analysis laboratory manual. ICARDA, 2007.
[59] Garg I K, Mittal V K, Sharma V K. Effect of ground contact pressure and soil settlement period on paddy transplanter sinkage. J. Agric. Eng., 2000; 37(1): 65–70.
[60] Shamshiri R. Measuring optimality degrees of microclimate parameters in protected cultivation of tomato under tropical climate condition. Measurement, 2017; 106: 236–244.
[61] Behera B K, Varshney B P, Goel A K. Effect of puddling on puddled soil characteristics and performance of self-propelled transplanter in rice crop. Agric. Eng. Int. CIGR J., 2009.
[62] Goel A K, Behera D, Swain S. Effect of sedimentation period on performance of rice transplanter. Agric. Eng. Int. CIGR J., 2008.
[63] Mufti A I, Khan A S. Performance evaluation of Yanmar paddy transplanter in Pakistan. Agric. Mech. ASIA AFRICA Lat. Am., 1995; 26: 31.
[64] Prasad S M, Mishra S S, Singh S J. Effect of establishment methods, fertility levels and weed-management practices on rice (Oryza sativa). Indian J. Agron., 2001; 46(2): 216–221.
[65] Aslam M, Hussain S, Ramzan M, Akhter M. Effect of different stand establishment techniques on rice yields and its attributes. J. Anim. Pl. Sci, 2008; 18(2-3): 80–82.
[66] Thomas V, Ramzi A M. SRI contributions to rice production dealing with water management constraints in northeastern Afghanistan. Paddy Water Environ., 2011; 9(1): 101–109.
[67] Ginigaddara G A S, Ranamukhaarachchi S L. Study of age of seedlings at transplanting on growth dynamics and yield of rice under alternating flooding and suspension of irrigation of water management. Recent Res. Sci. Technol., 2011; 3(3).
[68] Pasuquin E, Lafarge T, Tubana B. Transplanting young seedlings in irrigated rice fields: early and high tiller production enhanced grain yield. F. Crop. Res., 2008; 105(1-2): 141–155.
[69] Van Quyen N, Tan P S, Van Hach C, Van Du P, Zhong X. Healthy rice canopy for optimal production and profitability. Omonrice, 2004; 12: 69–74.
[70] Tuong T P, Bouman B A M, Mortimer M. More rice, less water–integrated approaches for increasing water productivity in irrigated rice based systems in Asia. Plant Prod. Sci., 2005; 8(3): 229–239.
[71] Thakur A K, Uphoff N, Antony E. An assessment of physiological effects of system of rice intensification (SRI) practices compared with recommended rice cultivation practices in India. Exp. Agric., 2010; 46(1): 77–98.
[72] Kamboj B R, Yadav D B, Yadav A, Goel N K, Gill G, Malik R K, et al. Mechanized transplanting of rice (Oryza sativa L.) in nonpuddled and no-till conditions in the rice-wheat cropping system in Haryana, India,” Am. J. Plant Sci., 2013; 4(12): 2409.
[73] Krishna A. Influence of system of rice intensification (SRI) cultivation on seed yield and quality Karnataka J Agric Sci, 2008; 21(3): 369–372.
[74] Faruk M O, Rahman M A, Hasan M A. Effect of seedling age and number of seedling per hill on the yield and yield contributing characters of BRRI Dhan 33. Int. J. Sustain. Crop Prod., 2009; 4(1): 58–61.
[75] Ceesay M, Reid W S, Fernandes E C M, Uphoff N T. The effects of repeated soil wetting and drying on lowland rice yield with System of Rice Intensification (SRI) methods. Int. J. Agric. Sustain., 2006; 4(1): 5–14.
[76] Kassam A, Stoop W, Uphoff N. Review of SRI modifications in rice crop and water management and research issues for making further improvements in agricultural and water productivity. Paddy Water Environ., 2011; 9(1): 163–180.
[77] Zheng J G, Lu X J, Jiang X L, Tang Y L. The system of rice intensification (SRI) for super-high yields in rice in Sichuan Basin. in Poster for 4th International Crop Science Congress, September, Brisbane, Australia, 2004.
[78] Farooq M, Basra S M A, Karim H A, Afzal I. Optimization of seed hardening techniques for rice seed invigoration. Emirates J. Food Agric., , 2004; 16: 48–57.
[79] Xie X J, Li B B, Shen S H. Impact of high temperature stress on photosynthetic characteristic and yield of rice (Oryza sativa) at heading. Indian J. Agric. Sci., 2012; 82(6).
[80] Zain N A M, Ismail M R, Mahmood M, Puteh A, Ibrahim M H. Alleviation of water stress effects on MR220 rice by application of periodical water stress and potassium fertilization. Molecules, 2014; 19(2): 1795–1819.
[2] de Laulanié H. Technical Presentation of the System of Rice Intensification, based on Katayama’s Tillering model. Tropicultura, 1993; 22p.
[3] Gujja B, Thiyagarajan T M. New Hope for Indian Food Security?: The System of Rice Intensification. International Institute for Environment and Development London, 2009.
[4] Shamshiri R R, Ibrahim B, Ahmad D, Man H C, Wayayok A. An overview of the system of rice intensification for paddy fields of Malaysia. Indian J. Sci. Technol., 2018; 11(18).
[5] Amir U, Willem K, Norman S. Review of SRI modifications on rice crop and water management and research issues for making futher improvements in agricultural and water productivity. Paddy water Env., 2011; 9: 163–180.
[6] Uphoff N, Kassam A. Case study: System of rice intensification. Final report Agricultural Technologies for Developing Countries STOA Project “Agricultural Technologies for developing countries”, FAO, Rome, 2009; pp.1–65.
[7] Sharif A. Technical adaptations for mechanized SRI production to achieve water saving and increased profitability in Punjab, Pakistan. Paddy Water Environ., 2011; 9(1): 111–119.
[8] Ling J, Teng Z S, Lin H J. Improved method for prediction of milled rice moisture content based on Weibull distribution. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2018; 11(3): 159–165.
[9] Yu J X, Ren Y, Xu T, Li W, Xiong M T, Zhang T L, et al. Physicochemical water quality parameters in typical rice-crayfish integrated systems (RCIS) in China. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2018; 11(3): 54–60.
[10] Yang L, Zhao F, Chang Q, Li T, Li F. Effects of vermicomposts on tomato yield and quality and soil fertility in greenhouse under different soil water regimes. Agric. Water Manag., 2015; 160: 98–105.
[11] Rowshon M K, Iqbal M, Mojid M A, Amin M S M, Lai S H. Optimization of equitable irrigation water delivery for a large-scale rice irrigation scheme. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2018; 11(5): 160–166.
[12] Choudhary R L, Dinesh K, Shivay Y S, Geeta S, Nain S. Performance of rice (Oryza sativa) hybrids grown by the system of rice intensification with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria. Indian J. Agric. Sci., 2010; 80(10): 917–920.
[13] Mishra J S, Singh V P, Bhanu C, Subrahmanyam D. Crop establishment, tillage and weed management techniques on weed dynamics and productivity of rice (Oryza sativa)–chickpea (Cicer arietinum) cropping system. Indian J. Agric. Sci., 2012; 82(1).
[14] Dixit A, Khurana R, Singh J, Singh G. Comparative performance of different paddy transplanters developed in India-A Review. Practice, 2007; 28(4).
[15] Zhang M H, Wang Z M, Luo X W, Zang Y, Yang W W, Xing H, et al. Review of precision rice hill-drop drilling technology and machine for paddy. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2018; 11(3): 1–11.
[16] Yin X, Du J, Noguchi N, Yang T X, Jin C Q. Development of autonomous navigation system for rice transplanter. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2018; 11(6): 89–94.
[17] Wang B L, Luo X W, Wang Z M, Zheng L, Zhang M H, Dai Y Z, et al. Design and field evaluation of hill-drop pneumatic central cylinder direct-seeding machine for hybrid rice. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2018; 11(6): 33–40.
[18] Li J Y, Lan Y B, Zhou Z Y, Zeng S, Huang C, Yao W X, et al. Design and test of operation parameters for rice air broadcasting by unmanned aerial vehicle. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2016; 9(5): 24–32.
[19] Zhang G Z, Zang Y, Luo X W, Wang Z M, Zhang Q, Zhang S S. Design and indoor simulated experiment of pneumatic rice seed drilling metering device. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2015; 8(4): 10–18.
[20] Chen Q, He A, Wang W, Peng S, Huang J, Cui K, Nie L. Comparisons of regeneration rate and yields performance between inbred and hybrid rice cultivars in a direct seeding rice-ratoon rice system in central China. F. Crop. Res., 2018; 223: 164–170.
[21] Hasanuzzaman M, Rahman M L, Roy T S, Ahmed J U, Zobaer A S M. Plant characters, yield components and yield of late transplanted Aman rice as affected by plant spacing and number of seedling per hill. Adv. Biol. Res. (Rennes)., 2009; 3(5-6): 201–207.
[22] Hossain M S, Mamun A A, Basak R, Newaj M N, Anam M K. Effect of cultivar and spacing on weed infestation and performance of transplanted aman rice in Bangladesh. Pakistan J. Agron, 2003; 2(3): 169–178.
[23] Chauhan B S, Johnson D E. Implications of narrow crop row spacing and delayed Echinochloa colona and Echinochloa crus-galli emergence for weed growth and crop yield loss in aerobic rice. F. Crop. Res., 2010; 117(2-3): 177–182.
[24] Dass A, Shekhawat K, Choudhary A K, Sepat S, Rathore S S, Mahajan G, Chauhan B S. Weed management in rice using crop competition-a review. Crop Prot., 2017; 95: 45–52.
[25] Thakur A K, Mandal K G, Mohanty R K, Ambast S K. Rice root growth, photosynthesis, yield and water productivity improvements through modifying cultivation practices and water management. Agric. Water Manag., 2018; 206: 67–77.
[26] Tomar R, Singh N B, Singh V, Kumar D. Effect of planting methods and integrated nutrient management on growth parameters, yield and economics of rice. J. Pharmacogn. Phytochem., 2018; 7(2): 520–527.
[27] Yamane K, Araki C, Watanabe Y, Iijima M. Close mixed planting with pearl millet improves drought tolerance in rice by the increased access to deep water. Plant Soil, 2018; 423(1–2): 397–410.
[28] Kandil A A, El-Kalla S E, Badawi A T, El-Shayb O M. Effect of hill spacing, nitrogen levels and harvest date on rice productivity and grain quality. Crop Environ., 2010; 1(1): 22–26.
[29] Chauhan B S, Johnson D E. Row spacing and weed control timing affect yield of aerobic rice. F. Crop. Res., 2011; 121(2): 226–231.
[30] Chauhan B S, Singh V P, Kumar A, Johnson D E. Relations of rice seeding rates to crop and weed growth in aerobic rice. F. Crop. Res., 2011; 121(1): 105–115.
[31] Zhao H X, Wang X X, Guio Z H, Huang X Q, Liu H L. Effects of row-spacing on canopy structure and yield in different plant type rice cultivars,” J. Northeast Agric. Univ. (English Ed.) , 2012; 19(4): 11–19.
[32] Bhowmik S K, Sarkar M A R, Zaman F. Effect of spacing and number of seedlings per hill on the performance of aus rice cv. NERICA 1 under dry direct seeded rice (DDSR) system of cultivation. J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ, 2012; 10(2): 191–195.
[33] Singh K, Singh S R, Singh J K, Rathore R S, Singh S P, Roy R. Effect of age of seedling and spacing on yield, economics, soil health and digestibility of rice (Oryza sativa) genotypes under system of rice intensification. Indian J. Agric. Sci., 2013; 83(5): 479–483.
[34] Chauhan B S, Opeña J L. Effect of plant spacing on growth and grain yield of soybean. American Journal of Plant Sciences, 2013; 2013: 2011–2014. DOI: 10.4236/ajps.2013.410251.
[35] Moro B, Nuhu I, Martin E. Effect of spacing on grain yield and yield attributes of three rice (Oryza sativa L.) Varieties Grown in Rain-fed Lowland Ecosystem in Ghana. Int. J. Plant Soil Sci., 2016; 9(3): 1–10.
[36] Krishna A, Biradarpatil N K. Influence of seedling age and spacing on seed yield and quality of short duration rice under system of rice intensification cultivation. Karnataka J. Agric. Sci., 2009; 22(1): 53–55.
[37] Salem A K M. Effect of nitrogen levels, plant spacing and time of farmyard manure application on the productivity of rice. J. Appl. Sci. Res., 2006; 2(11): 980–987.
[38] Bozorgi H R, Faraji A, Danesh R K, Keshavarz A, Azarpour E, Tarighi F. Effect of plant density on yield and yield components of rice. World Appl. Sci. J., 2011; 12(11): 2053–2057.
[39] Li L H, Wan C, Zhang X Y, Li G Y. Improvement and optimization of preparation process of seedling-growing bowl tray made of paddy straw. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2014; 7(4): 13–22.
[40] Xu C L, Zhang C L, Li L H, Li M J. Optimization of working parameters for puddling and flatting machine in paddy field. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2016; 9(3): 88–96.
[41] Lakitan B, Hadi B, Herlinda S, Siaga E, Widuri L I, Kartika K, et al. Recognizing farmers’ practices and constraints for intensifying rice production at Riparian Wetlands in Indonesia. NJAS-Wageningen J. Life Sci., 2018; 85: 10-20.
[42] Mobasser H R, Delarestaghi M M, Khorgami A, Tari B D, Pourkalhor H. Effect of planting density on agronomical characteristics of rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties in North of Iran. Pak. J. Biol. Sci, 2007; 10(18): 3205–3209.
[43] Donkor E, Owusu V, Owusu-Sekyere E, Ogundeji A. The Adoption of Farm Innovations among Rice Producers in Northern Ghana: Implications for Sustainable Rice Supply. Agriculture, 2018; 8(8): 121.
[44] Towa J J, Guo X P. Effects of irrigation and weed-control methods on growth of weed and rice. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2014; 7(5): 22–33.
[45] Omin E, Shayeb M A. Agronomic study on rice crop. MSc thesis, Mansoura Univ. Egypt, 2003; 164p.
[46] Islam H M D, Hossain S M A. Effect of fertilization and planting density on the yield of two varieties of fine rice. Pakistan J. Biol. Sci., 2002; 5(5): 511–513.
[47] Zahran H A A. Response of some rice cultivars to different spaces among hills and rows under saline soil conditions. Master Sci. Thesis, Facator Agric. Mansoura Univ. Egypt, 2000.
[48] Bassal S A A, Zahran F A. Effect of farmyard manure, bio and mineral nitrogen fertilizer and hill spaces on rice crop productivity. J. Agric. Sci. Mansoura Univ, 2002; 27(4): 1975–1988.
[49] Durairaj G. Design, development and field evaluation of manually operated rice transplanter for system of rice intensification. Int. J. Agric. Environ. Biotechnol., 2015; 8(3): 735.
[50] Neog P, Dihingia P C, Sarma P K, Sankar G R M, Sarmah D, Sarmah M K, et al. Different levels of energy use and corresponding output energy in paddy cultivation in North Bank Plain Zone of Assam, India,” Indian J. Dryl. Agric. Res. Dev, 2015; 30(2): 84–92.
[51] Shukla U N, Srivastava V K, Singh S, Sen A, Kumar V. Growth, yield and economic potential of rice (oryza sativa) as influenced by different age of seedlings, cultivars and weed management under system of rice intensification. Indian J. Agric. Sci., 2014; 84(5): 80–88.
[52] Jabatan Pertanian Semenanjung Malaysia. Perangkaan Padi Malaysia., 2015; pp.1–106.
[53] Fornace K M, Abidin T R, Alexander N, Brock P, Grigg M J, Murphy A, et al. Association between landscape factors and spatial patterns of Plasmodium knowlesi infections in Sabah, Malaysia. Emerg. Infect. Dis., 2016; 22(2): 201.
[54] Thakur A K, Uphoff N T, Stoop W A. Scientific Underpinnings of the System of Rice Intensification (SRI): What is known so far? in Advances in Agronomy, Elsevier, 2016; 135: 147–179.
[55] Gardner W H. Water content. Methods of soil analysis: Part 1. Physical and mineralogical properties, including statistics of measurement and sampling, ed. CA. Black. Am. Soc. Agron. Madison, Wisconsin, 1983; 82: 127.
[56] ASTMD5435 - 13: Standard Test Method for Diagnostic Soil Test for Plant Growth and Food Chain Protection, 1998.
[57] Blake G R, Hartge K H. Bulk Density 1. Methods soil analysis, Part 1: physical and mineralogical methods (2nd edition), A. Klute, Ed., 1986, American Society of Agronomy, Agronomy Monographs 9(1), Madison, Wisconsin, 1986; pp.363–375.
[58] Ryan J, Estefan G, Rashid A. Soil and plant analysis laboratory manual. ICARDA, 2007.
[59] Garg I K, Mittal V K, Sharma V K. Effect of ground contact pressure and soil settlement period on paddy transplanter sinkage. J. Agric. Eng., 2000; 37(1): 65–70.
[60] Shamshiri R. Measuring optimality degrees of microclimate parameters in protected cultivation of tomato under tropical climate condition. Measurement, 2017; 106: 236–244.
[61] Behera B K, Varshney B P, Goel A K. Effect of puddling on puddled soil characteristics and performance of self-propelled transplanter in rice crop. Agric. Eng. Int. CIGR J., 2009.
[62] Goel A K, Behera D, Swain S. Effect of sedimentation period on performance of rice transplanter. Agric. Eng. Int. CIGR J., 2008.
[63] Mufti A I, Khan A S. Performance evaluation of Yanmar paddy transplanter in Pakistan. Agric. Mech. ASIA AFRICA Lat. Am., 1995; 26: 31.
[64] Prasad S M, Mishra S S, Singh S J. Effect of establishment methods, fertility levels and weed-management practices on rice (Oryza sativa). Indian J. Agron., 2001; 46(2): 216–221.
[65] Aslam M, Hussain S, Ramzan M, Akhter M. Effect of different stand establishment techniques on rice yields and its attributes. J. Anim. Pl. Sci, 2008; 18(2-3): 80–82.
[66] Thomas V, Ramzi A M. SRI contributions to rice production dealing with water management constraints in northeastern Afghanistan. Paddy Water Environ., 2011; 9(1): 101–109.
[67] Ginigaddara G A S, Ranamukhaarachchi S L. Study of age of seedlings at transplanting on growth dynamics and yield of rice under alternating flooding and suspension of irrigation of water management. Recent Res. Sci. Technol., 2011; 3(3).
[68] Pasuquin E, Lafarge T, Tubana B. Transplanting young seedlings in irrigated rice fields: early and high tiller production enhanced grain yield. F. Crop. Res., 2008; 105(1-2): 141–155.
[69] Van Quyen N, Tan P S, Van Hach C, Van Du P, Zhong X. Healthy rice canopy for optimal production and profitability. Omonrice, 2004; 12: 69–74.
[70] Tuong T P, Bouman B A M, Mortimer M. More rice, less water–integrated approaches for increasing water productivity in irrigated rice based systems in Asia. Plant Prod. Sci., 2005; 8(3): 229–239.
[71] Thakur A K, Uphoff N, Antony E. An assessment of physiological effects of system of rice intensification (SRI) practices compared with recommended rice cultivation practices in India. Exp. Agric., 2010; 46(1): 77–98.
[72] Kamboj B R, Yadav D B, Yadav A, Goel N K, Gill G, Malik R K, et al. Mechanized transplanting of rice (Oryza sativa L.) in nonpuddled and no-till conditions in the rice-wheat cropping system in Haryana, India,” Am. J. Plant Sci., 2013; 4(12): 2409.
[73] Krishna A. Influence of system of rice intensification (SRI) cultivation on seed yield and quality Karnataka J Agric Sci, 2008; 21(3): 369–372.
[74] Faruk M O, Rahman M A, Hasan M A. Effect of seedling age and number of seedling per hill on the yield and yield contributing characters of BRRI Dhan 33. Int. J. Sustain. Crop Prod., 2009; 4(1): 58–61.
[75] Ceesay M, Reid W S, Fernandes E C M, Uphoff N T. The effects of repeated soil wetting and drying on lowland rice yield with System of Rice Intensification (SRI) methods. Int. J. Agric. Sustain., 2006; 4(1): 5–14.
[76] Kassam A, Stoop W, Uphoff N. Review of SRI modifications in rice crop and water management and research issues for making further improvements in agricultural and water productivity. Paddy Water Environ., 2011; 9(1): 163–180.
[77] Zheng J G, Lu X J, Jiang X L, Tang Y L. The system of rice intensification (SRI) for super-high yields in rice in Sichuan Basin. in Poster for 4th International Crop Science Congress, September, Brisbane, Australia, 2004.
[78] Farooq M, Basra S M A, Karim H A, Afzal I. Optimization of seed hardening techniques for rice seed invigoration. Emirates J. Food Agric., , 2004; 16: 48–57.
[79] Xie X J, Li B B, Shen S H. Impact of high temperature stress on photosynthetic characteristic and yield of rice (Oryza sativa) at heading. Indian J. Agric. Sci., 2012; 82(6).
[80] Zain N A M, Ismail M R, Mahmood M, Puteh A, Ibrahim M H. Alleviation of water stress effects on MR220 rice by application of periodical water stress and potassium fertilization. Molecules, 2014; 19(2): 1795–1819.
Downloads
Published
2019-04-06
How to Cite
Shamshiri, R. R., Ibrahim, B., Balasundram, S. K., Taheri, S., & Weltzien, C. (2019). Evaluating system of rice intensification using a modified transplanter: A smart farming solution toward sustainability of paddy fields in Malaysia. International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, 12(2), 54–67. Retrieved from https://ijabe.migration.pkpps03.publicknowledgeproject.org/index.php/ijabe/article/view/2999
Issue
Section
Power and Machinery Systems
License
IJABE is an international peer reviewed open access journal, adopting Creative Commons Copyright Notices as follows.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
