Band tillage with fertilizer application for unpuddled transplanting rice in northeast of China
Keywords:
conservation agriculture, tillage system, unpuddled rice, irrigation, water saving, economicsAbstract
Many technological innovations have been developed in agriculture for rice cultivation. Farmers still rely on intensive soil tillage, broadcasting fertilizer, excess irrigation water and labor for rice production. Rice cultivation under unpuddled condition in band-tillage (BT) is a new alternative rice cultivation system in the regions where rainfall, fresh water resources, fertilizers and labors are limited. Therefore, the concept of inter-row BT (T-shaped) with row fertilizer application in soils for unpuddled transplanted rice cultivation (T1) was carried out at Fangzheng, Harbin in the northeast of China. The improved system (T1) was compared with traditional practices (T2) in randomized complete block design with three replications. T2 was done with removal of crop residue, full tillage, broadcasting fertilizer and puddled soils by using the conventional machine. Test results showed that all parameters were satisfied and met the requirements of agronomic performances. The variations of fertilizing stability and evenness were 1.84% and 1.72%, respectively. Soil cone penetration resistance was less in T1 than T2 after tillage. Irrigation water was saved by 26.3% in treatment T1 as compared with T2 for wet land preparation, and wet soil resistance depth had no significant difference. Planting depth was significantly different between the treatments which was affected by intensive tillage and puddling in T2 as compared with T1. Soil temperature was nearly similar, but comparatively 0.23°C (on average) higher than traditional system throughout the crop growing season. Crop growth rate and grain yield increased by 8.5% and 5.3%, respectively in band till with fertilizer placed compared to conventional practices of puddled transplanting. The unit production cost (¥/kg of grain yield) was found lower by 12.3% in treatment T1 than T2. The output-input ratio was marginally greater in treatment T1 (1.51) as compared to T2 (1.32). Short-term findings suggest that inter-row BT system with row fertilizer application could be used in unpuddled rice farming system instead of traditional puddled rice cultivation. Keywords: conservation agriculture, tillage system, unpuddled rice, irrigation, water saving, economics DOI: 10.3965/j.ijabe.20160904.1673 Citation: Sarker K K, Xu C L, Wang X Y, Li M J, Li L H, Liu G M. Band tillage with fertilizer application for unpuddled transplanting rice in northeast of China. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2016; 9(4): 73-83.References
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[27] Karayel D, Özmerzi A. Comparison of vertical and lateral seed distribution of furrow openers using a new criterion. Soil and Tillage Research, 2007; 95(1-2): 69−75.
[28] Weise G, Nagasaka Y, Taniwaki K. An investigation of the turning behaviour of an autonomous rice transplanter. Agricultural Engineering Research, 2000; 77(2): 233−237.
[29] Akram M. Growth and yield components of wheat under water stress of different stages. Bangladesh. Journal of Agricultural Research, 2011; 36(3): 455–468.
[30] Regaldo M J C, Cruz R T. Tillage and crop establishment technologies for improved labor productivity and energy efficiency, and reduced costs in rice production. ASABE Paper No. 10, St. Joseph, Mich: Written for presentation at Annual International Meeting Sponsored by ASABE, Pennsylvania, www.asabe.org, 2010: pp.1009319
[31] Walker H B. Engineering problems in fertilizer placement. Agricultural Engineering, 1957; 38(9): 658−661.
[32] Mandal S, Thakur T C. Design and development of subsoiler cum fertilizer rate fertilizer applicator. Agric Eng Int: CIGR Journal, 2010; 12(1): 74−83.
[33] Singh K K, Colvin T S, Erbach D C, Mughal A Q. Tilth Index: An Approach to quantifying soil tilth. Transactions of the ASAE, 1992; 35(6): 1771−1776.
[34] Licht M A, Al-Kaisi M. Strip-tillage effect on seed bed soil temperature and other soil physical properties. Soil and Tillage Research, 2005; 80: 233−249.
[35] Rautary S K, Watts C W, Dexter A R. Puddling effects on soil physical properties. AMA-Agricultural Mechanization in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, 1997; 28: 37−40.
[36] Mandang T A F, Hayahi N, Watanabe S, Tojo S. Studies on the overturning properties of soil by rotary blades using CT image analyzer. American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 1993; Paper No. 93−3035.
[37] Haefele S, Wopereis M C S, Boivin P, N’Diaye A M. Effect of puddling on soil desailinization and rice seedling survival in the Senegal River Delta. Soil and Tillage Research, 1999; 51(1-2): 35−46.
[38] Sidhu HS, Singh M, Humphreys E, Singh Y, Singh B, Dhillon SS, Blackwell J, Bector V, Singh M, Singh S.. The Happy Seeder enables direct drilling of wheat into rice stubble. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 2007; 47: 844−854.
[39] Sarkar S, Singh S R. Interactive effect of tillage depth and mulch on soil temperature, productivity and water use pattern of rainfed barley (Hordium vulgare L.). Soil and Tillage Research, 2007; 92(1-2): 79–86.
[40] Johnson M D, Lowery B. Effect of three conservation tillage practices on soil temperature and thermal properties. Soil Science Society of American Journal, 1985; 49(6): 1547−1552.
[41] Liu X J, Wang J C, Lu S H, Zhang F S, Zeng X Z, Ai Y W, et al. Effects of non-flooded mulching cultivation on crop yield, nutrient uptake and nutrient balance in rice-wheat cropping systems. Field Crops Research, 2003; 83(3): 297–311.
[42] Cheng J P. High yield trials and demonstration work on mechanical precise-quantity hill-drop drilling in paddy rice. Paper presented at International Workshop on Rice Production Mechanization Technology, 15-16 November, 2010, Huizhou, Guangzhou, China.
[43] Xu Y, Nie L, Buresh R J, Huang J, Cui K, Xu B, et al. Agronomic performance of late-season rice under different tillage, straw, and nitrogen management. Field Crops Research, 2010; 115(1): 79–84.
[44] Islam S A K M, Haque M E, Hossain M M, Saleque M A, Bell R W. Water and fuel saving technologies: Unpuddled bed and strip tillage for wet season rice cultivation in Bangladesh. Proceedings of the 19th World Congress of Soil Science: Soil solutions for a changing world, Brisbane, Australia, 1-6 August 2010: pp.169−172.
[45] Belder P, Bouman B A M, Cabangon R, Guoan L, Quilang E J P, Yuanhua L, et al. Effect of water-saving irrigation on rice yield and water use in typical lowland conditions in Asia. Agricultural and Water Management, 2004; 65(3): 193–210.
[46] Yao F, Huang J, Cui K, Nie L, Xiang J, Liu X, et al. Agronomic performance of high-yielding rice variety grown under alternate wetting and drying irrigation. Field Crops Research, 2012; 126: 16–22.
[47] Sarker K K, Wang X Y, Li H W, Xu C L, Wu J A, Qiao X D. Development and evaluation of zone-till with subsurface fertilizer applicator for unpuddled transplanting rice cultivation. Journal of AMA-Agricultural Mechanization in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, 2015; 46(2): 7−12.
[48] Kirchhof G, Priyono S, Utomo W H, Adisarwanto T, Dacanay E V, So H B. The effect of soil puddling on the soil physical properties and the growth of rice and post-rice crops. Soil and Tillage Research, 2000; 56(1-2): 37−50.
[49] Yadav S, Humphreys E, Li T, Gill G, Kukal S S. Evaluation of tradeoffs in land and water productivity of dry seeded rice as affected by irrigation schedule. Field Crops Research, 2012; 128: 180–190.
[50] Cabangon R J, Tuong T P, Abdullah N B. Comparing water input and water productivity of transplanted and direct-seeded rice production systems. Agricultural Water Management, 2002; 57(1): 11–31.
[51] Yousefi M, Mohammadi A. Economic analysis and energy use efficiency in alfalfa production systems in Iran. Scientific Research and Essays, 2011; 6(11): 2332−2336.
[2] Fard B M, Jafari F, Mousavi S F, Yazdani M R. Effects of irrigation water management on yield and water use efficiency of rice in cracked paddy soils. Australian Journal of Crop Science, 2010; 4: 136−141.
[3] Ginigaddara G A S, Ranamukhaarachchi S L. Effect of conventional, SRI and modified water management on growth, yield and water productivity of direct-seeded and transplanted rice in central Thailand. Australian Journal of Crop Science, 2009; 3(5): 278−286.
[4] Sinha S K, Talati J. Productivity impacts of the system of rice intensification (SRI) a case study in West Bengal, India. Agricultural and Water Management, 2007; 87: 55−60.
[5] Chapagain T, Yamaji E. The effects of irrigation method, age of seedling and spacing on crop performance, productivity and water-wise rice production in Japan. Paddy Water Environment, 2010; 8: 81− 90.
[6] Tan L, Cai Y, An Z, Yi L, Zhang H, Qin S. Climate patterns in north central China during the last 1800 yr and their possible driving force. Climate of the Past, 2011; 7: 685–692.
[7] Qian W, Lin X. Regional trends in recent precipitation indices in China. Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, 2005; 90: 193−207.
[8] SaloKhe V M, Ramalingam N. Effects of direction of a rotation of rotary tiller on properties on Bankok clay soil. Soil and Tillage Research, 2001; 63(1-2): 65−74.
[9] Tuong T P, Bouman B A M. Rice Production in Water-scarce Environments. In: Kijne JW, Barker R, Molden D (ed) Water Productivity in Agriculture: Limits and Opportunities for Improvement CABI publishing. Wallingford, UK, 2003: pp.53–67.
[10] Thiyagarajan T M. Saving water in lowland rice cultivation while improving Profitability. Transitioning rice cultivation, 2001: http://www.waterforfood.nl/docs.
[11] Guerra L C, Bhuiyan S I, Tuong T P, Barker R. Producing More Rice with Less Water from Irrigated Systems, SWIM Paper 5. IWMI/IRRI, Colombo, Sri Lanka, 1998: p.24.
[12] Farooq M, Siddique K H M, Rehman H, Aziz T, Lee D J, Wahid A. Rice direct seeding: Experiences, challenges and opportunities. Soil and Tillage Research, 2011; 111(2): 87–98.
[13] Jacobsen S E, Jensen CR, Liu F. Improving crop production in the arid Mediterranean climate. Field Crops Research, 2012; 128: 34–47.
[14] Hobbs P R, Sayre K, Gupta R. The role of conservation agriculture in sustainable agriculture. Transactions the Royal Society, 2008; 363: 543-555.
[15] Tripathi R P, Gaur M K, Rawat M S. Puddling effects on soil properties and rice performance under shaloow table conditions of Tarai. Indian Society of Soil Science, 2003; 51: 118−124.
[16] Heege H, Billot J F. Seeders, Planters, Part 1.3: in B.A. Stout and Cheze, (eds) Plant Protection Engineering, ASAE, St Joseph, Michighan, USA: CIGR Handbook of Agricultural Engineering, 2010; 3: 217−240.
[17] Shi Y L, Wu Z J, Chen L J, Zhang X D, Zong L. Development and application of slow release fertilizer. Agricultural Sciences in China, 2009; 8(6): i.
[18] Ashworth M, Desbiolles J, Tola E. Disc seeding in zero-till farming systems. A review of technology and paddock issues. Published by Western Australian No-farming Farmer’s Association (WANTFA) , Australia, 2010.
[19] Bhushan L, Ladha JK, Gupta RK, Singh S, Tirol-Padre A, Saharawt YS, Gathala M, Pathak H. Water saving and labor in a rice-wheat system with no-tillage and direct seeding technologies. Agronomy Journal, 2007; 99: 1288−1296.
[20] Friedrich T. Conservation Agriculture the base for sustainable intensification of cop production in Asia. Seminar paper presented at College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 2012.3.
[21] Qin J, Hu F, Li D, Li H, Lu J, Yu R. The effect of mulching, tillage and rotation on yield in non-flooded compared with flooded rice production. Agronomy and Crop Science, 2010; 19: 397−406.
[22] Qin J, Hu F, Zhang B, Wei Z, Li H. Role of straw mulching in non-continuously flooded rice cultivation. Agricultural and Water Management, 2006; 83: 252−260.
[23] Xu C L, He D, Li J, Chu J, Zhang X. Preliminary study on minimum tillage with water saving technology and implement for paddy field. Transactions of the CSAE, 2006; 22(4): 116−120.
[24] Li C F, Yue L X, Kou Z K, Zhi Z S, Wang J P, Cao C G. Short-term effects of conservation management practices on soil labile organic carbon fractions under a rape–rice rotation in central China. Soil and Tillage Research, 2012; 119: 31–37.
[25] Morrison Jr J E. Strip tillage for no-till row crop production. Applied Engineering in Agriculture, 2002; 18: 277−284.
[26] Jia H L, Ma Chenglin, Li G Y, Huang D Y, Liu Z C. Combine rotolling-stubble-breaking-planting machine. Soil and Tillage Research, 2007; 96(1-2): 73−82.
[27] Karayel D, Özmerzi A. Comparison of vertical and lateral seed distribution of furrow openers using a new criterion. Soil and Tillage Research, 2007; 95(1-2): 69−75.
[28] Weise G, Nagasaka Y, Taniwaki K. An investigation of the turning behaviour of an autonomous rice transplanter. Agricultural Engineering Research, 2000; 77(2): 233−237.
[29] Akram M. Growth and yield components of wheat under water stress of different stages. Bangladesh. Journal of Agricultural Research, 2011; 36(3): 455–468.
[30] Regaldo M J C, Cruz R T. Tillage and crop establishment technologies for improved labor productivity and energy efficiency, and reduced costs in rice production. ASABE Paper No. 10, St. Joseph, Mich: Written for presentation at Annual International Meeting Sponsored by ASABE, Pennsylvania, www.asabe.org, 2010: pp.1009319
[31] Walker H B. Engineering problems in fertilizer placement. Agricultural Engineering, 1957; 38(9): 658−661.
[32] Mandal S, Thakur T C. Design and development of subsoiler cum fertilizer rate fertilizer applicator. Agric Eng Int: CIGR Journal, 2010; 12(1): 74−83.
[33] Singh K K, Colvin T S, Erbach D C, Mughal A Q. Tilth Index: An Approach to quantifying soil tilth. Transactions of the ASAE, 1992; 35(6): 1771−1776.
[34] Licht M A, Al-Kaisi M. Strip-tillage effect on seed bed soil temperature and other soil physical properties. Soil and Tillage Research, 2005; 80: 233−249.
[35] Rautary S K, Watts C W, Dexter A R. Puddling effects on soil physical properties. AMA-Agricultural Mechanization in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, 1997; 28: 37−40.
[36] Mandang T A F, Hayahi N, Watanabe S, Tojo S. Studies on the overturning properties of soil by rotary blades using CT image analyzer. American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 1993; Paper No. 93−3035.
[37] Haefele S, Wopereis M C S, Boivin P, N’Diaye A M. Effect of puddling on soil desailinization and rice seedling survival in the Senegal River Delta. Soil and Tillage Research, 1999; 51(1-2): 35−46.
[38] Sidhu HS, Singh M, Humphreys E, Singh Y, Singh B, Dhillon SS, Blackwell J, Bector V, Singh M, Singh S.. The Happy Seeder enables direct drilling of wheat into rice stubble. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 2007; 47: 844−854.
[39] Sarkar S, Singh S R. Interactive effect of tillage depth and mulch on soil temperature, productivity and water use pattern of rainfed barley (Hordium vulgare L.). Soil and Tillage Research, 2007; 92(1-2): 79–86.
[40] Johnson M D, Lowery B. Effect of three conservation tillage practices on soil temperature and thermal properties. Soil Science Society of American Journal, 1985; 49(6): 1547−1552.
[41] Liu X J, Wang J C, Lu S H, Zhang F S, Zeng X Z, Ai Y W, et al. Effects of non-flooded mulching cultivation on crop yield, nutrient uptake and nutrient balance in rice-wheat cropping systems. Field Crops Research, 2003; 83(3): 297–311.
[42] Cheng J P. High yield trials and demonstration work on mechanical precise-quantity hill-drop drilling in paddy rice. Paper presented at International Workshop on Rice Production Mechanization Technology, 15-16 November, 2010, Huizhou, Guangzhou, China.
[43] Xu Y, Nie L, Buresh R J, Huang J, Cui K, Xu B, et al. Agronomic performance of late-season rice under different tillage, straw, and nitrogen management. Field Crops Research, 2010; 115(1): 79–84.
[44] Islam S A K M, Haque M E, Hossain M M, Saleque M A, Bell R W. Water and fuel saving technologies: Unpuddled bed and strip tillage for wet season rice cultivation in Bangladesh. Proceedings of the 19th World Congress of Soil Science: Soil solutions for a changing world, Brisbane, Australia, 1-6 August 2010: pp.169−172.
[45] Belder P, Bouman B A M, Cabangon R, Guoan L, Quilang E J P, Yuanhua L, et al. Effect of water-saving irrigation on rice yield and water use in typical lowland conditions in Asia. Agricultural and Water Management, 2004; 65(3): 193–210.
[46] Yao F, Huang J, Cui K, Nie L, Xiang J, Liu X, et al. Agronomic performance of high-yielding rice variety grown under alternate wetting and drying irrigation. Field Crops Research, 2012; 126: 16–22.
[47] Sarker K K, Wang X Y, Li H W, Xu C L, Wu J A, Qiao X D. Development and evaluation of zone-till with subsurface fertilizer applicator for unpuddled transplanting rice cultivation. Journal of AMA-Agricultural Mechanization in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, 2015; 46(2): 7−12.
[48] Kirchhof G, Priyono S, Utomo W H, Adisarwanto T, Dacanay E V, So H B. The effect of soil puddling on the soil physical properties and the growth of rice and post-rice crops. Soil and Tillage Research, 2000; 56(1-2): 37−50.
[49] Yadav S, Humphreys E, Li T, Gill G, Kukal S S. Evaluation of tradeoffs in land and water productivity of dry seeded rice as affected by irrigation schedule. Field Crops Research, 2012; 128: 180–190.
[50] Cabangon R J, Tuong T P, Abdullah N B. Comparing water input and water productivity of transplanted and direct-seeded rice production systems. Agricultural Water Management, 2002; 57(1): 11–31.
[51] Yousefi M, Mohammadi A. Economic analysis and energy use efficiency in alfalfa production systems in Iran. Scientific Research and Essays, 2011; 6(11): 2332−2336.
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2016-07-31
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Sarker, K. K., Chunlin, X., Xiaoyan, W., Minjin, L., Lianhao, L., & Guiming, L. (2016). Band tillage with fertilizer application for unpuddled transplanting rice in northeast of China. International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, 9(4), 73–83. Retrieved from https://ijabe.migration.pkpps03.publicknowledgeproject.org/index.php/ijabe/article/view/1673
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