Extraction, separation and refining of microcrystalline cellulose from wheat straw using various pretreatments
Keywords:
wheat straw, cellulose, separation, refining, low pollution process, microcrystalline cellulose (MCC)Abstract
This study focused on the manufacture of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) from wheat straw using environmentally-friendly solvents. Raw cellulose was separated from wheat straw after thermal decomposition of lignin followed by dissolution of lignin using a recyclable ethanol/acetic acid/water solvent system. Then, pure cellulose was produced using a four-step refining process, including chelating, O3, H2O2, and xylanase treatments. Finally, MCC was obtained through hydrolysis, drying, and mechanical treatments. The effects of acetic acid, O3, H2O2, NaOH, pretreatment time, and temperature on the properties of wheat straw cellulose (including Kappa number, yield, α-cellulose content, crystallinity, KMnO4 value, degree of polymerization (DP), and brightness) were investigated. The results showed that the addition of acetic acid enhanced lignin removal and hemicellulose degradation, improving the purity of the raw cellulose. The optimized acetic acid dosage in the wheat straw thermal decomposition step was 2% (w/w). The optimized O3 dosage was 1.2% (w/w). The optimized conditions for H2O2 treatment were found to be 3% (w/w) H2O2 and 1.8% (w/w) NaOH at 70°C for 120 min. The KMnO4 value was 2.0, brightness was 84.1% ISO, the viscosity was 934 mL/g, and the DP was 626 for refined cellulose. Xylanase effectively improved the α-cellulose content of wheat straw cellulose. With an optimized xylanase dosage of 1.5 IU/g, the α-cellulose content was 94.7%, the brightness was 85.6% ISO, and the DP was 615 for wheat straw cellulose. Keywords: wheat straw, cellulose; separation, refining, low pollution process, microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) DOI: 10.3965/j.ijabe.20160902.1386 Citation: Li J B, Dong H L, Xiu H J, Zhang M Y, Reddy K S, Zhang X F, et al. Extraction, separation and refining of microcrystalline cellulose from wheat straw using various pretreatments. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2016; 9(2): 137-145.References
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[3] Yan L, Li F W, Yang J L, Zhu Q S. Direct visualization of straw cell walls by AFM. Macromolecules Bioscience, 2004; 4(2): 112–118.
[4] Kamireddy S R, Li J, Degenstein J, Tucker M, Ji Y. Effects and mechanism of metal chlorides salts on pretreatment and enzymatic digestibility of corn stover. Industrial Engineering and Chemistry Research, 2013; 52(5): 1775–1782.
[5] He Y L, Liao X X, Huang K L, Wu R, Wang B, Liu Y H, et al. Study process of microcrystalline cellulose. Technology & Development of Chemical Industry, 2010; 39 (1): 12–16.
[6] Wang D, Shang S B, Song Z Q, Lee M K. Evaluation of microcrystalline cellulose prepared from kenaf fibers. Journal of Industrial Engineering and Chemistry, 2010; 16: 152–156.
[7] Berti M T, Kamireddy S R, Ji Y. Row spacing affects biomass yield and composition of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) as lignocellulosic feedstock for bioenergy. Journal of Sustainable Bioenergy Systems, 2013; 3: 68–73.
[8] Li J B, Zhang M Y, Liu Y S, Zhang Y. Preparation and characterization of wheat straw MCC for synthetic leather. Journal of Functional Materials, 2011; 42(9): 1606–1609.
[9] Kamireddy S R, Degenstein J, Berti M, Ji Y. Pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis of kenaf biomass as a potential source for lignocellulosic biofuel and green chemicals. Journal of Current Organic Chemistry, 2013; 17(15): 1–9.
[10] Degenstein J, Kamireddy S R, Tucker M, Ji Y. Oligomer
saccharide reduction during dilute acid pretreatment co-catalyzed with Lewis acids on corn stover biomass. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2013; 6(2): 54–62.
[11] Ejikeme P M. Investigation of the physicochemical properties of microcrystalline cellulose from agricultural wastes I: Orange mesocarp. Cellulose, 2008; 15: 141–147.
[12] Kamireddy S R, Schaefer C, Defrese M, Degenstein J, Ji Y. Pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis of sunflower hulls for fermentable sugar production. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2012; 5(1): 62–70.
[13] Sakhawy M E, Hassan M L. Physical and mechanical properties of microcrystalline cellulose prepared from agricultural residues. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2007; 67: 1–10.
[14] Kamireddy S R, Degenstein J, Berti M, Ji Y. Pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis of kenaf biomass as a potential source for lignocellulosic biofuel and green chemicals. Journal of Current Organic Chemistry, 2013; 17(15): 1–9.
[15] Xu Y J, Li K C, Zhang M Y. Lignin precipitation on the fibre surface in the ethanol-based organosolv pulping. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 2007; 301(1): 255–263.
[16] Xu Y J, Zhang M Y. Removal of residual lignin of ethanol-based organosolv pulp by an alkali extraction process. Journal of applied polymer science, 2007; 106, 630–636.
[17] Xu Y, Ren W, Liu S. Auto-catalyzed ethanol-water pulping of wheat straw. Journal of Northwest Institute of Light Industry, 1999; 17(2): 40–44.
[18] Kamireddy S R, Kozliak E, Tucker M, Ji Y. Determining the Rate Constants of sunflower hulls using dilute acid pretreatment in the production of xylose and furfural. Green Processing and Synthesis, 2014; 3(1): 69–75.
[19] Zhang M. Features of non-wood fiber auto-catalyzed ethanol pulping. Transaction of China Pulp and Paper, 2004; 19(2): 16–20.
[20] Zhang M, Xu Y, Pu W. The advance of non-timber fiber self-catalysis ethanol pulping study. China Paper Industry, 2007; 28(6): 77–79.
[21] Shatalov A A, Pereira H, O3-based TCF bleaching of organosolv pulps. Bioresource Technology, 2008; 99: 472–480.
[22] Xu Y J, Zhang M Y, Li K C. Study on phenomenon and mechanism of Lignin precipitation during ethanol pulping. Transaction of China Pulp and Paper, 2008; 23(1): 1–8.
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Published
2016-03-31
How to Cite
Jinbao, L., Huiling, D., Huijuan, X., Meiyun, Z., Reddy, K. S., Xuefei, Z., & Yun, J. (2016). Extraction, separation and refining of microcrystalline cellulose from wheat straw using various pretreatments. International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, 9(2), 137–145. Retrieved from https://ijabe.migration.pkpps03.publicknowledgeproject.org/index.php/ijabe/article/view/1386
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Renewable Energy and Material Systems
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