Propagation model for 2.4 GHz wireless sensor network in four-year-old young apple orchard
Keywords:
wireless sensor network (WSN), propagation model, packet loss rate, 2.4 GHz, young apple orchardAbstract
Abstract: Wireless sensor network (WSN) nodes exchange information via wireless signals, whose power can attenuate at different levels according to the propagation environment. The branches and leaves of young apple trees are much sparser than that of adult apple trees. Propagation rules such as propagation distance and attenuation rate are the parameters necessary to know before applying a WSN to a young apple orchard. Field tests were performed, and propagation distance and packet loss rate (PLR) were computed and compared under the two cases: a young apple orchard in fruit period and an open space to find the effect of the apple trees on radio propagation. A model of antenna height and propagation distance was created to forecast the extra path loss caused by the young trees. Validation experiments were performed in a different young apple orchard, and the validation results showed that 70% of R2 were higher than 0.7, while the smallest being 0.65; 80% RMSE were smaller than 5. The new model was also compared with some classical models such as Cost 235, FITU, ITU-R, and Weissberger model, and the new model was proved to be the best. Keywords: wireless sensor network (WSN), propagation model, packet loss rate, 2.4 GHz, young apple orchard DOI: 10.3965/j.ijabe.20140706.007 Citation: Guo X M, Zhao C J. Propagation model for 2.4 GHz wireless sensor network in four-year-old young apple orchard. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2014; 7(6): 47-53.References
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[2] Rehman A, Abbasi A Z, Islam N, Shaikh Z A. A review of wireless sensors and networks’ applications in agriculture. Computer Standards & Interfaces, 2014; 36(2): 263–270.
[3] Li S Y, Gao H J, Jiang J Z. Impact of antenna height on propagation characteristics of 2.4 GHz wireless channel in wheat fields. Transactions of the CSAE, 2009; 25 (Supp 2): 184–189.
[4] Wen T, Hong T S, Li Z, Huang S, Li J N, Ye Z J. Test of wireless sensor network radio frequency signal propagation based on different node deployments in citrus orchards. Transactions of the CSAE, 2010; 26(6): 211–215. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[5] Suwalak R, Phaebua K, Phongcharoenpanich C, Krairiksh M. Path loss model and measurements of 5.8GHz wireless network in durian garden. International Symposium on Communications and Information Technologies. 21–23 Oct, 2008, Lao.
[6] Vougioukas S, Anastassiu H T, Regen C, Zude M. Influence of foliage on radio path losses (PLs) for wireless sensor network (WSN) planning in orchards. Biosystems Engineering, 2013; 114(4): 454–465.
[7] Azevedo J A R, Santos F E S. An empirical propagation model for forest environments at tree trunk level. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2011; 59(6): 2357–2367.
[8] Ndzi D L, Harun A, Ramli F M. Wireless sensor network coverage measurement and planning in mixed crop farming. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 2014; 105: 83–94.
[9] Adhikari S B. Characterization of propagating waves through leafy vegetation. Annual IEEE India Conference (INDICON). 7-9 December, 2012, Kochi, India.
[10] Andrade-Sanchez P, Pierce F J, Elliott T V. Performance assessment of wireless sensor networks in agricultural settings. 2007 ASABE Annual International Meeting Sponsored by ASABE Minneapolis Convention Center. 17 - 20 June 2007, Minnesota, USA.
[11] Guo X M, Zhao C J, Yang X T, Li M, Sun C H, Qu L H. Propagation characteristics of 2.4 GHz wireless channel at different heights in apple orchard. Transactions of the CSAE, 2012; 28(12): 195–200. (in Chinese with English abstract).
[12] Khandelwal V, Karmeshu. A new approximation for average symbol error probability over Log-Normal channels, Wireless Communications Letters, 2014; 3(1): 58–61.
[13] COST 235, Radio Propagation Effects on Next-Generation Fixed-Service Terrestrial Telecommunication. Final Report, 1996, Luxembourg, Belgium.
[14] Al-Nuaimi M O, Stephens R B L. Measurements and prediction model optimization for signal attenuation in vegetation media at centimeter wave frequencies, IEE Proceedings on Microwaves, Antennas and Propagation, 1998; 145(3): 201–206..
[15] CCIR, Influences of Terrain Irregularities and Vegetation on Troposphere Propagation. CCIR Report, 1986, Geneva.
[16] Weissberger M A. An Initial Critical Summary of Models for Predicting the Attenuation of Radio Waves by Foliage Electromagn. 1981, Annapolis, USA.
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Published
2014-12-30
How to Cite
Xiuming, G., & Chunjiang, Z. (2014). Propagation model for 2.4 GHz wireless sensor network in four-year-old young apple orchard. International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, 7(6), 47–53. Retrieved from https://ijabe.migration.pkpps03.publicknowledgeproject.org/index.php/ijabe/article/view/1288
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Information Technology, Sensors and Control Systems
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