Some physical properties of Australian Nonpareil almonds related to bulk storage
Keywords:
almond, storage, bulk density, true density, porosity, kernel, in-hull, in-shellAbstract
The Australian almond industry desires to improve storage of harvested almonds awaiting processing. The present work quantified some storage-related physical properties of almonds. The sample used in the study was Nonpareil almonds with a kernel moisture content of 4.5% d.b. The mass composition of the sample was 55% hull, 32% kernel and 13% shell. Tests showed that the bulk stored in-shell almonds had only 41% of the volume of in-hull almonds and 45% of the mass. Thus removing hulls before storage would result in saving both storage and subsequent transportation costs. Tests simulating various storage heights of almonds showed that a 10 m storage height of almonds increased the bulk density of in-hull almonds from 320 to 355 kg/m3, of in-shell almonds (hull removed) from 356 to 378 kg/m3, and kernels (hull and shell removed) from 604 to 649 kg/m3. A 10 m storage height of almonds reduced the porosity of in-hull almonds from 67% to 64%, of in-shell almonds from 58% to 55%, and of the kernel from 48% to 44%. Observation showed that the change in bulk density and porosity occurred in an exponential manner with fitted curves that provided R2 between 0.97 and 0.99. Keywords: almond, storage, bulk density, true density, porosity, kernel, in-hull, in-shell DOI: 10.3965/j.ijabe.20140705.013 Citation: Zheng D. K., Fielke J. M. Some physical properties of Australian Nonpareil almonds related to bulk storage. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2014; 7(5): 116-122.References
[1] ABA (Almond Board of Australia). Australian almond statistics 2012. Available: http://australianalmonds.com.au/ industry/resources_stats_reports Accessed on [2014-10- 22].
[2] Western Farm Press (2010). Almond aflatoxin prevention, control. Available: http://westernfarmpress.com/tree-nuts/ almond-aflatoxin-prevention-control. Accessed on [2014-10-22].
[3] Mohsenin N N. Physical properties of plant and animal materials, Second Edition Revised. Gordon and Breach Science, New York. 1986.
[4] Stroshine R. Physical properties of agricultural materials and food products. Course Manual. Purdue University. USA. 1998.
[5] Jayas D S, Sokhansanj S, White N D G. Bulk density and porosity of two canola species. Transactions of the ASAE, 1989; 31(1): 291–294.
[6] Rapusas R S, Driscoll R H, Srzednicki G S. Bulk density and resistance to airflow of sliced onions. Journal of Food Engineering, 1995; 26: 67–80.
[7] Khodabandehloo H. Physical properties of Iranian export apples. Master Thesis. Tehran University, Karaj, Iran. 1999.
[8] Kumar W E. Muir Airflow resistance of wheat and barley affected by airflow direction, Filling Method and Dockage. Transactions of the ASAE, 1986; 29(5): 1423–1426.
[9] Peleg M, Bagley E B. Physical characteristics of food powders. Physical Properties of Food, 1983; 293–321.
[10] Lam P S, Sokhansanj S, Bi1 X, Mani S, Lim C J, Womac A R, et al. Physical characterization of wet and dry wheat straw and switch grass - bulk and specific density. ASABE Annual International Meeting, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 2007.
[11] Aydin C. Physical properties of almond nut and kernel. Journal of Food Engineering, 2003; 60: 315–320.
[12] United Nations. UNECE Standart DDP-05: Unshelled sweet almonds. New-York & Geneva. 1991.
[13] Gezer İ, Haciseferogullari H, Demir F. Some physical properties of Hacıhaliloğlu apricot pit and its kernel. Journal of Food Engineering, 2002; 56: 49–57.
[14] Mollazade K, Ahmadi H, Khorshidi J, Rajabipour A, Mohtasebi S S. Moisture-dependent some physical and mechanical properties of cumin (Cuminum Cyminum L.) Seed. International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, 2009; 2: 1–7.
[15] Unal H, Sincikb M, Izli N. Comparison of some engineering properties of rapeseed cultivars. Industrials Crops Products, 2009; 30: 131–136.
[16] Rasouli M, Mollazade K, Fatahi R, Zamani Z., Imani A, Martinez-Gómez P. Evaluation of engineering properties in almond nuts. International Journal of Natural and Engineering Sciences, 2010; 4 (1): 17–26.
[17] Day C L. Device for measuring voids in porous materials. Agricultural Engineering, 1964; 45(l): 36–37.
[18] Thompson R A, Isaacs G W. Porosity of grains and seeds with an air-comparison pycnometer. Transactions of the ASAE, 1967; 10(5): 693–696.
[19] Diehl K C, Garwood V A, Haugh C G. Volume measurement using the air-comparison pycnometer. Transactions of the ASAE, 1988; 31(l): 284-287, 292.
[20] Fraser B M, Verma S S, Muir W E. Some physical properties of faba beans. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 1978; 22: 53–57.
[21] Karaj S, Joachim M. Determination of physical, mechanical and chemical properties of seeds and kernels of Jatropha curcas L. Industrial Crops and Products, 2010; 32:129–138.
[22] ASAE Standards (2010)- ASAE S269.4 DEC01. Cubes, pellets and crumbles - Definitions and methods for determining density, durability and moisture content. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers. 2011.
[23] Sylvia Y, Karen L, Huang G. A review of composition studies of cultivated almonds- Macronutrients and micronutrients. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 2011; 24: 469–480.
[2] Western Farm Press (2010). Almond aflatoxin prevention, control. Available: http://westernfarmpress.com/tree-nuts/ almond-aflatoxin-prevention-control. Accessed on [2014-10-22].
[3] Mohsenin N N. Physical properties of plant and animal materials, Second Edition Revised. Gordon and Breach Science, New York. 1986.
[4] Stroshine R. Physical properties of agricultural materials and food products. Course Manual. Purdue University. USA. 1998.
[5] Jayas D S, Sokhansanj S, White N D G. Bulk density and porosity of two canola species. Transactions of the ASAE, 1989; 31(1): 291–294.
[6] Rapusas R S, Driscoll R H, Srzednicki G S. Bulk density and resistance to airflow of sliced onions. Journal of Food Engineering, 1995; 26: 67–80.
[7] Khodabandehloo H. Physical properties of Iranian export apples. Master Thesis. Tehran University, Karaj, Iran. 1999.
[8] Kumar W E. Muir Airflow resistance of wheat and barley affected by airflow direction, Filling Method and Dockage. Transactions of the ASAE, 1986; 29(5): 1423–1426.
[9] Peleg M, Bagley E B. Physical characteristics of food powders. Physical Properties of Food, 1983; 293–321.
[10] Lam P S, Sokhansanj S, Bi1 X, Mani S, Lim C J, Womac A R, et al. Physical characterization of wet and dry wheat straw and switch grass - bulk and specific density. ASABE Annual International Meeting, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 2007.
[11] Aydin C. Physical properties of almond nut and kernel. Journal of Food Engineering, 2003; 60: 315–320.
[12] United Nations. UNECE Standart DDP-05: Unshelled sweet almonds. New-York & Geneva. 1991.
[13] Gezer İ, Haciseferogullari H, Demir F. Some physical properties of Hacıhaliloğlu apricot pit and its kernel. Journal of Food Engineering, 2002; 56: 49–57.
[14] Mollazade K, Ahmadi H, Khorshidi J, Rajabipour A, Mohtasebi S S. Moisture-dependent some physical and mechanical properties of cumin (Cuminum Cyminum L.) Seed. International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, 2009; 2: 1–7.
[15] Unal H, Sincikb M, Izli N. Comparison of some engineering properties of rapeseed cultivars. Industrials Crops Products, 2009; 30: 131–136.
[16] Rasouli M, Mollazade K, Fatahi R, Zamani Z., Imani A, Martinez-Gómez P. Evaluation of engineering properties in almond nuts. International Journal of Natural and Engineering Sciences, 2010; 4 (1): 17–26.
[17] Day C L. Device for measuring voids in porous materials. Agricultural Engineering, 1964; 45(l): 36–37.
[18] Thompson R A, Isaacs G W. Porosity of grains and seeds with an air-comparison pycnometer. Transactions of the ASAE, 1967; 10(5): 693–696.
[19] Diehl K C, Garwood V A, Haugh C G. Volume measurement using the air-comparison pycnometer. Transactions of the ASAE, 1988; 31(l): 284-287, 292.
[20] Fraser B M, Verma S S, Muir W E. Some physical properties of faba beans. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 1978; 22: 53–57.
[21] Karaj S, Joachim M. Determination of physical, mechanical and chemical properties of seeds and kernels of Jatropha curcas L. Industrial Crops and Products, 2010; 32:129–138.
[22] ASAE Standards (2010)- ASAE S269.4 DEC01. Cubes, pellets and crumbles - Definitions and methods for determining density, durability and moisture content. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers. 2011.
[23] Sylvia Y, Karen L, Huang G. A review of composition studies of cultivated almonds- Macronutrients and micronutrients. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 2011; 24: 469–480.
Downloads
Published
2014-10-30
How to Cite
Dingke, Z., & Fielke, J. (2014). Some physical properties of Australian Nonpareil almonds related to bulk storage. International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, 7(5), 116–122. Retrieved from https://ijabe.migration.pkpps03.publicknowledgeproject.org/index.php/ijabe/article/view/1231
Issue
Section
Agro-product and Food Processing Systems
License
IJABE is an international peer reviewed open access journal, adopting Creative Commons Copyright Notices as follows.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
