Review of research and application of evaporative cooling in preservation of fresh agricultural produce
Keywords:
agricultural products, evaporative cooling, passive coolers, active coolers, pad materialsAbstract
Extensive review of evaporative coolers for the preservation of fresh agricultural produce in some countries was presented. Most of the designs employ mainly direct evaporative cooling methods which are simple but with lower thermal performance, and can only be used for short term storage of agricultural produce with moderate respiratory rates. Researches into novel technologies in evaporative cooling systems which can improve the cooling performances, such as membrane air treatments, dew point type and heat pipe type heat exchanger in indirect/direct evaporative cooling application, and their feasibilities in agricultural storage are either absent or scarce. Some kinds of materials especially agricultural residues have been used for air water contact in evaporative cooling in different climates, but most of the analyses focused on effect of air flow rate and pad thickness on the cooling effectiveness, and the energy efficiency and evaporation loss of these materials in most cases were not evaluated or presented. The paper highlights the prospects and constraints of commercialization and marketing of evaporative coolers in some developing countries, and the general weakness in researches and the ways forward in new area of research and development are concluded. Keywords: agricultural products, evaporative cooling, passive coolers, active coolers, pad materials DOI: 10.3965/j.ijabe.20140705.010 Citation: Ndukwu M C, Manuwa S I. Review of research and application of evaporative cooling in preservation of fresh agricultural produce. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2014; 7(5): 85-102.References
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[50] Ghassem H, Mojtaba B, Shahram D, Jafar E. Experimental investigation of two-stage indirect/direct evaporative cooling system in various climatic conditions. Building and Environment, 2009; 44: 2073–2079. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv. 2009.02.017.
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[58] Qureshi B A, Zubair M. A comprehensive design and rating study of evaporative coolers and condensers. Part I. Performance evaluation. International Journal of Refrigeration, 2006; 29: 645–658. doi:10.1016/j.ijrefrig. 2005.09.014.
[59] Dowdy J A, Karabash N S. Experimental determination of heat and mass transfer coefficients in rigid impregnated cellulose evaporative media. ASHRAE Transactions, 1987; part 2, 93: 382–395.
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[61] Stoitchkov N J, Dimitrov G I. Effectiveness of cross flow plate heat exchanger for indirect evaporative cooling. International Journal of Refrigeration, 1998; 21(6): 463–471.
[62] Dai Y J, Sumathy K. Theoretical study on a cross-flow direct evaporative cooler using honeycomb paper as packing material. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2002; 1417–1430.
[63] Hisham E D, Hisham E, Ajeel A Z. Performance analysis of two stage evaporative coolers. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2004; 102: 255–66.
[64] Chukwuneke J L, Ajike C O, Achebe C H, Okolie P C. A mathematical model of an evaporative cooling pad using sintered nigerian clay. Journal of Minerals and Materials Characterization and Engineering, 2012; 11: 1113–1120.
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[3] Issues and Challenges in Rice Technological Development for Sustainable Food Security. Keynote Address: Twentieth Session. International Rice Commission (IRC), 2002. IRC: 02/05.
[4] FAO production yearbook, Rome, 1983, 34; 149
[5] Xuan Y M, Xiao F, Niu X F, Huang X, Wang S W. Research and application of evaporative cooling in China: A review (I). Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2012; 16(5): 3535–3546. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser. 2012.01.052
[6] Wang, S K. Evaporative cooling and evaporative coolers. Handbook of air conditioning and refrigeration, 1993 Chapter 13
[7] Evaporative Air Cooling. The ASHRAE Handbook, the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. Millstar Electronic Publishing, 1998.
[8] Campos A T, Kolosowski E S, Gasparino E. Study of the air temperature reduction potential through the evaporative cooling system in the region of Maringa- PR Brazil. Acta Sci., 2002; 24 (5): 1575-1581.
[9] Gutenberg A W. The Economics of the evaporative cooler industry in the Southwestern United States. Stanford University Graduate School of Business. 1955. p. 167. http://books.google.com/books
[10] Zellweger J "Air filter and cooler". U.S. patent 838602. 1906. http://www.google.com/patents _m.
[11] Essick B."Pad for evaporative coolers". U.S. patent 2391558. 1945. http://www.google.com/patents.
[12] Landi S. The workshop book. Taunton Press, 1998: 120.
[13] Baird C D, Bucklin R A, Watson C A, Chapman F A. Evaporative cooling system for aquacultural production. Florida extension services, Institute of Agricultural Science University of Florida. Fact sheet EES-100: 1- 5
[14] Adebisi O W, Igbeka J C, Olurin T O. Performance evaluation of absorbent materials in evaporative cooling system for the storage of fruits and vegetables. International Journal of Food Engineering, 2009; 5(3): 1-15. http://dx. doi.org/10.2202/1556-3758.1376
[15] Otterbein R. Installing and maintaining evaporative coolers. May/June 1996. Home Energy Magazine. http://www. homeenergy.org/archive/hem.dis.anl.gov/eehem/96/960511.html
[16] Watt J R. Evaporative cooling handbook. 2nd edition. Chapman and Halt, New York 1986.
[17] Al-Sulaiman F. Evaluation of the performance of local fibers in evaporative cooling. Energy Conversion and Management, 2002; 43: 2267-2273. http://dx.doi.org/10. 1016/S0196-8904(01)00121-2
[18] Mu`azu M. Novel evaporative cooling systems for building applications. PhD Thesis submitted to the University of Nottingham, UK, 2008: 1- 264
[19] Wei Z, Geng S. Experimental research on direct evaporative cooling of organic padding Contamination. Control and Air-conditioning Technology, 2009; 22–26.
[20] Darwes M, Abouzaher S, Fouda T, Helmy M. Effect of using pad manufactured from agricultural residues on the performance of evaporative cooling system. Jordan Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2009; 5 (2): 111–125.
[21] Jain D. Development and testing of two-stage evaporative cooler. Building and Environment, 2007; 42: 2549–2554: doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2006.07.034
[22] Manuwa S I, Odey S O. Evaluation of pads and geometrical shapes for constructing evaporative cooling system. Modern Applied Science, 2012; 6(6): 45–53. http://dx.doi. org/10.5539/mas.v6n6p45
[23] Anyanwu E E. Design and measured performance of a porous evaporative cooler for preservation of fruits and vegetables. Energy Conversion and Management, 2004; 45: 2187–2195. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2003.10.020
[24] Ndirika V I O, Asota C N. An evaporative cooling system for rural storage of fresh tomato. Journal of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, 1994; 2(4): 56–66.
[25] Ndukwu M C. Development of clay evaporative cooler for fruits and vegetables preservation. Agricultural Engineering International: CIGR Journal, 2011; 13(1): 1-8.
[26] Palmer J D. Evaporative cooling design guidelines manual for New Mexico schools, and commercial buildings. NRG Engineering, 2626 Central Ave. SW Albuquerque, New mexico, 87104 USA. 2002: 1– 99.
[27] Ndukwu M C, Manuwa, S I Olukunle O J, Oluwalana I B. Development and performance evaluation of active evaporative cooling system for preservation of fruits and vegetables. A PhD thesis, Federal University of Technology Akure, 2013.
[28] Ndukwu M C, Manuwa S I, Olukunle O J, Oluwalana I B. Development of an active evaporative cooling system for short-term storage of fruits and vegetable in a tropical climate. Agric Eng Int: CIGR Journal, 2013; 15(4): 307-313.
[29] Greenshill T M. Growing better vegetables. Evans brothers, London, 1968.
[30] Katsoulas N, Baille A, Kittas C. Effect of misting on transpiration and conductance of a greenhouse rose canopy. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2001; 106: 233–47.
[31] Boyette M D, Wilson, L G, Estes E A. Introduction to proper postharvest cooling and handling methods. North Carolina Cooperative Extension, AG-414-1, 2013. USDA Handbook no. 66. http://www.bae.ncsu.edu/programs/ extension/publicat/postharv/ag-414-1/index.html.
[32] FAO Yearbook. FAO Statistics Series No. 132. Rome.1995
[33] Redulla A. Keeping perishables without refrigeration: use of a drip cooler. Appropriate Postharvest Technology, 1984; 1(2): 13–15.
[34] Acedo A L. Storage life of vegetables in simple evaporative coolers. Tropical Science, 1997; 37: 169–175.
[35] Thompson J F, Scheuerman R W. Curing and storing California sweet potatoes. Merced County Cooperative Extension, Merced, California 95340. 1993
[36] Roy S K. A low cost cool chamber: an innovative technology for developing countries (tropical fruits storage). Johnson G I, (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, StLucia (Australia). Division of Horticulture), editor. Post Harvest Handling of Tropical Fruits. Canberra, A.C.T., Australia: Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, 1994: 393–5.
[37] Neil N. Evaporative coolers. www.practicalaction.org. 2008.
[38] Mohammed B A. Appropriate technology number 4 volume 27 oct/ dec. 2000
[39] Thiagu R, Chand N, Habibunnisa E A, Prasad B A, Ramana K V R. Effect of evaporative cooling storage on ripening and quality of tomato. Journal of Food Quality, 1990; 14: 127–144.
[40] Mordi J I, Olorunda A O. Effect of evaporative cooler environment on the visual qualities and storage life of fresh tomatoes. Journal of Food Science Technology, 2003; 40(6): 587–591.
[41] Dadhich M S, Dadhich H, Verma R. Comparative study on storage of fruits and vegetables in evaporative cool chamber and in ambient. International Journal of Food Engineering, 2008; 4(1): 1–11.
[42] Abano E E, Teye E, Ainoah R S, Tetteh J P. Design, construction and testing of an evaporative cooling barn for storing sweet potatoes in the tropics. Asian Journal of Agricultural Research, 2011; 1-11. DOT: 10.3923fajar.2011
[43] Mekonnen A. Evaporative cooling and its applicability to live stock housing in Ethiopia. Agricultural Engineering 1994; 49(2): 44–8.
[44] Sunmonu M O, Chukwu O, Osunde Z D, Alabadan B A. Effect of salt solution on the mycelia growth of orange fruit spoilage fungi in passive evaporative cooling structures. Agric Eng Int: CIGR Journal, 2013; 15(3): 166–170.
[45] Magda M, Abd-El R. Improving the refrigerated vegetables storage rooms performance. Agricultural Engineering and Variables of the Present Epoch, 2009: 1631–1646.
[46] Kader A A. Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops. University of California, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Publication 3311. 1992
[47] Mogaji T S, Fapetu O P. Development of an evaporative cooling system for the preservation of fresh vegetables. African Journal of Food Science, 2011; 5(4): 255–266.
[48] Watt J R. Evaporative air conditioning. the Industrial Press, New York, 1963
[49] Zhao X, Liu S, Riffat S B. Comparative study of heat and mass exchanging materials for indirect evaporative cooling systems. Building and Environment, 2008; 43: 1902–11.
[50] Ghassem H, Mojtaba B, Shahram D, Jafar E. Experimental investigation of two-stage indirect/direct evaporative cooling system in various climatic conditions. Building and Environment, 2009; 44: 2073–2079. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv. 2009.02.017.
[51] Abdalla A M E. Lower energy wind assisted indirect evaporative cooling for building application. A PhD thesis submitted to the University of Nottingham, 2008; 1–211.
[52] Liao C M, Chiu K H. Wind tunnel modeling the system performance of alternative cooling pads in Taiwan region. Building and Environment, 2002; 37: 177–187.
[53] Teitel M, Barak M, Zhao Y. Temperature and humidity gradients in fan-ventilated greenhouses under two cooling modes. Acta Horticulture, 2003; 614(2): 469–475.
[54] Wilson L G, Boyette M D, Estes E A. Postharvest Handling and Cooling of Fresh Fruits, Vegetables and Flowers for Small Farms. Leaflets 800–804. North Carolina Cooperative Extension. 1995/
[55] Hugh W Fraser. Tunnel forced-air coolers for fresh fruits & vegetables. Ontario Ministry of Ag., Food and Rural Affairs, The 16th Annual Conference of the Misr Society of Ag. Eng., 25 July, 2009 1645 (OMAFRA). Canada.
[56] Camargo J R, Ebinuma, C D, Cardoso S. A mathematical model for direct evaporative cooling air conditioning system. Engenharia Termica, 2003; 4: 30–34.
[57] Ghasem H, Mojtaba B. Heat and mass transfer modeling of two stage indirect/direct evaporative air coolers: ASHRAE Thailand Chapter. ASHARE Journal, 2007 – 2008 : 2–8.
[58] Qureshi B A, Zubair M. A comprehensive design and rating study of evaporative coolers and condensers. Part I. Performance evaluation. International Journal of Refrigeration, 2006; 29: 645–658. doi:10.1016/j.ijrefrig. 2005.09.014.
[59] Dowdy J A, Karabash N S. Experimental determination of heat and mass transfer coefficients in rigid impregnated cellulose evaporative media. ASHRAE Transactions, 1987; part 2, 93: 382–395.
[60] Peterson J L. An effectiveness model for indirect evaporative coolers. ASHRAE Transactions; 1993, 99(2): 392–399.
[61] Stoitchkov N J, Dimitrov G I. Effectiveness of cross flow plate heat exchanger for indirect evaporative cooling. International Journal of Refrigeration, 1998; 21(6): 463–471.
[62] Dai Y J, Sumathy K. Theoretical study on a cross-flow direct evaporative cooler using honeycomb paper as packing material. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2002; 1417–1430.
[63] Hisham E D, Hisham E, Ajeel A Z. Performance analysis of two stage evaporative coolers. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2004; 102: 255–66.
[64] Chukwuneke J L, Ajike C O, Achebe C H, Okolie P C. A mathematical model of an evaporative cooling pad using sintered nigerian clay. Journal of Minerals and Materials Characterization and Engineering, 2012; 11: 1113–1120.
[65] Ndukwu C, Manuwa S, Olukunle O, Oluwalana B. A simple model for evaporative cooling system of a storage space in a tropical climate. Scientific Journal Agricultural Engineering, 2013; 38: 27–39. UDK: 536.7
[66] Dzivama A U. Performance evaluation of an active cooling system for the storage of fruits and vegetables. Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Agricultural Engineering, University of Ibadan, Ibadan Nigeria. 2000. In proceeding of Nigeria Institution of Agricultural Engineering, 2013; 34: pp 560–575. Paper No. 991
[67] Umbarker S P, Bonde R S, Kalase M N. Evaporative cooled storage stature for oranges (citrus). Indian Journal of Agricultural Engineering, 1991; 1(1): 26–32.
[68] Olosunde W A, Aremu A K, Onwude D I. Olosunde W A, Aremu A K, Onwude D I. Development of software for monitoring performance of evaporative cooling system for storage of fruits and vegetables. Proceedings of the Nigerian Institution of Agricultural Engineers, 2013; 34: 560–575. Paper No. 991
[69] Lemouari M, Boumaza M, Kaabi A. Experimental analysis of heat and mass transfer phenomena in a direct contact evaporative cooling tower. Energy Conversion and Management, 2009; 50: 1610–1617, doi:10.1016/j.enconman. 2009.02.002.
[70] Braun J E, Klein S A, Mitchell J W. Effectiveness models for cooling towers and cooling coils. ASHRAE Trans 1989; 95 (2): 164–74.
[71] Kittas C, Bartzanas T, Jaffrin A. Temperature gradients in a partially shaded large greenhouse equipped with evaporative cooling pads. Biosystems Engineering, 2003; 85(1): 87–94. doi:10.1016/S1537-5110(03)00018-7.
[72] Lertsatitthanakorn C, S Rerngwongwitaya, Soponronnarit S. Field experiments and economic evaluation of an evaporative cooling system in a silkworm rearing house. Biosystems Engineering, 2006, 93 (2); 213–219. doi:10.1016/ j.biosystemseng.2005.12.003.
[73] Dilip J, Gopal N T. Modeling and optimal design of evaporative cooling system in controlled environment greenhouse. Energy Conversion and Management, 2002; 43: 2235–2250. PII: S01 96-8904(01 )001 51-0.
[74] Niitsu Y, Naito K, Anzai T. Studies on characteristics and design procedure of evaporative coolers. Journal of SHASE, Japan, 1969; 43 (7).
[75] Pascal S, Dominique M. Simplified model for indirect-contact evaporative cooling-tower behavior. Applied Energy, 2004: 78: 433–451. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2003. 09.004.
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Published
2014-10-30
How to Cite
Ndukwu, M. C., & Manuwa, S. I. (2014). Review of research and application of evaporative cooling in preservation of fresh agricultural produce. International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, 7(5), 85–102. Retrieved from https://ijabe.migration.pkpps03.publicknowledgeproject.org/index.php/ijabe/article/view/1174
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Agro-product and Food Processing Systems
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